Teach yourself Latin VIII

CAPVT VIII

本章要介紹的是第三變化的動詞，其變化如下：

Present indicative Agere (lead) I lead	Future indicative Agere I will lead	Imperfect indicative Agere I was leading	Imperative active
Ag-o Ag-is Ag-it Agimus Agitis Agunt	Ag-am Ag-es Ag-et Agemus Agetis Agent	Ag-ebam Ag-ebas Ag-ebat Agebamus Agebatis Agebant	Age! (Sg.) Agite! (Pl.)

 第三變化的動詞在字尾上的變化與先前介紹過的第一第二變化動詞略有不同，而且非常容易搞混。第三變化動詞在現在式時除了第一人稱單數動詞直接以-o結尾外，其餘變化相似於第一第二變化的未來式；但第三變化的動詞在未來式時，結尾又類同於第一第二變化的現在式。所以在判斷時務必要先從該動詞是屬於哪一個變化開始，然後才能知道此動詞的時態為何。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Cicero, ciceronis	m	Cicero
Copia, copiae	f	Abundance, supply
Copiae, copiarum	f	Pl., supplies, troops, forces
Frater, fatris	m	Brother
Laus, laudis	f	Praise, glory, fame
Libertas, libertatis	f	Liberty
Ratio, rationis	f	Reckoning, account; reason, judgment
Scriptor, scriptoris	m	Writer, author
Soror, sororis	f	Sister
Victoria, victoriae	f	Victory
OTHER
dum	Conj.	While, as long as, at the same time that XXX, until
ex	Prep.	+abl., out, out of, from, from within; by reason of, on account of; following cardinal numbers, of
numquam	Adv.	never
tamen	Adv.	Nevertheless, still
VERB
Ago, agere, egi, actum		To drive, lead, do, act; pass, spend Gratias agere+dat., to give thanks to
Demonstro, demonstare, demonstravi, demostratum		To point out, show, demonstrate
Disco, discere, didici		To learn
Doceo, docere, docui, doctum		To teach
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum		To lead; consider, regard; prolong
Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum		To carry, carry on, manage, conduct, wage, accomplish
Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum		To write, compose
Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum		To draw, drag, derive, acquire
Vinco, vincere, vici, victum		To conauer, overcome

Exercitationes

1. Tempora nostra nunc sunt mala; vitia nostra, magna.

Our times are now bad; our vices are great.

2. Quārē soror mea uxōrī tuae litterās scrībit (scrībet, scrībēbat)?

Why does my sister write a letter to your wife?

3. Tyrannus populum stultum ē terrā vestrā dūcet (dūcit, dūcēbat).

The tyrant will lead the foolish people out of your land.

4. Ubi satis ratiōnis animōrumque in hominibus erit?

When will there be enough reason and courage in humans?

5. Cōpia vērae virtūtis multās culpās superāre poterat.

The abundance of true virtue was able to overcome many faults.

6. In līberā cīvitāte adulēscentiam agēbāmus.

We used to spend our youth in the free state.

7. Rēgem malum tolerāre numquam dēbēmus.

We should never tolerate a bad king.

8. Post parvam moram multa verba dē īnsidiīs scrīptōrum stultōrum scrībēmus.

After a little delay, we will write many words of the treachery of foolish writers.

9. The body will remain there under the ground.

Ibi corpus sub terra remanebit.

10. Write (sg. and pl.) many things about the glory of our state.

Scribe, scribite multa de gloria civitatis nostrae.

11. Does reason always lead your (pl) queen to virtue?

Agitne semper ration reginam vestram ad virtutem?

12. We shall always see many Greek names there.

Multa nomina Graeca ibi semper videbimus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Frāter meus vītam in ōtiō semper aget. (Terence.)

My brother will always spend his life in leisure.

2. Age, age! Iuvā mē! Dūc mē ad secundum fīlium meum. (Terence. — age, age=come on, get moving!)

Come, come! Help me! Lead me to my second son.

3. O amīcī, lībertātem perdimus. (Laberius. –perdere, to destory)

Oh friends, we are destroying liberty.

4. Nova perīcula populō Rōmānō expōnam sine morā. (Cicero. — expōnere, to set forth, expose)

I shall expose the new dangers for the Roman people without delay.

5. Numquam perīculum sine perīculō vincēmus. (Publilius Syrus.)

We shall never conquer danger without danger.

6. Ex meīs errōribus hominibus rēctum iter dēmōnstrāre possum. (Seneca. –error, errōris, m.=Eng.– rectus, -a, -um, right – iter, itineris, n., road, way)

From my errors, I can show the right way to people.

7. Catullus Mārcō Tulliō Cicerōnī magnās grātiās agit. (Catullus.

Catullus gives great thanks to Marcus Tullius Cicero.

8. Eximia fōrma virginis oculōs hominum convertit. (Livy. — eximius, -a, -um, extraordinary— convertere, to turn around, attract)

The extraordinary beauty of the maiden attracts people’s eyes.

9. Agamemnon magnās cōpiās ē terrā Graecā ad Trōiam dūcet, ubi multōs virōs necābit. (Cicero. — Agamemnon, -nonis)

Agamemnon will lead the great troops from the Greek land to Troy, where he will kill many men.

10. Amor laudis hominēs trahit. (Cicero.)

Love of praise draws men.

11. Auctōrēs pācis Caesar cōnservābit. (Cicero. — auctor, -tōris, m., author)

Caesar will protect authors of peace.

12. Inter multās cūrās labōrēsque carmina scrībere nōn possum. (Horace. — inter prep+ acc., among)

Among many worries and labors, I cannot write poems.

13. Dum in magnā urbe dēclāmās, mī amīce, scrīptōrem trōiāni bellī in ōtiō relegō. — Trōiānus -a -um. ( -urbs, Urbis, f. city. –declamare, to declaim. –Troianus, -a, -um. – relegere, to re-read)

While you, my friend, declaim in a large city, I reread the writer of the Trojan war in my leisure.

14. Nōn vītae, sed scholae, discimus. (*Seneca. — vītae and scholae, dat., expressing purpose)

We learn not for life, but for school.

15. Hominēs, dum docent, discunt. (*Seneca.)

While men teach, they learn.

16. Ratiō mē dūcet, nōn fortūna. (Livy.)

Reason will lead me, not fortune.

CICERO ON THE ETHICS OF WAGING WAR

Cicero. Dē Officiīs 1.11.34-36 and Dē Pūblicā 3.23.34-35, and see L.A. 7 for a fuller adaptation.

–causa, -ae, f., cause– dēfendere, =Eng. –aut, conj., or. –autem, conj., however–necessaries, -a, –um, necessary –clēmentia, –ae, mildness, gentleness, mercy)

Cīvitās bellum sine causā bonā aut propter īram gerere nōn dēbet.

A state should not wage war without good cause or because of anger.

Sī fortūnās et agrōs vītāsque populī nostrī sine bellō dēfendere poterimus, tum pācem cōnservāre dēbēbimus;

If we will be able to defend the fortunes, fields, and lifes of our people, then we (will) should preserve peace.

sī, autem, nōn poterimus servāre pātriam lībertātemque nostram sine bellō, bellum erit necessārium.

If, however, we will not be able to save our fatherland and liberties withour war, a war will be necessary.

Semper dēbēmus dēmōnstrāre, tamen, magnum officium in bellō, et magnam clēmentiam post victōriam.

We should always demonstrate, nevertheless, great duty in war, and great mercy after victory.