CAPVT VI
Sum and Possum
本章除了介紹sum的未來式(future indicative)以及未完成式(imperfect indicative)外，還介紹可以、能夠等表述行為能力的動詞possum(to be able, to be capable)。
| Future Indicative (sumàero) | Imperfect Indicative (sumàeram) | ||
| Ero Eris Erit Erimus Eritis Erunt | I shall/will be You will He/she/it will We will You will They will | Eram Eras Erat Eramus Eratis Erant | I was You were He/she/it was We were You were They were |
基本上，除了第一人稱單數以外，這些變化大部分都遵守先前所提及的人稱字尾變化，像是erimus跟eramus都一樣保有mus結尾。這點在下面要介紹的能力動詞依舊遵守。事實上，描述能力的動詞不過就是在上述的future indicative、 imperfect indicative以及前幾章中所提到的present indicative前面加上pos或是pot來表達未來可以、過去可以或是現在可以。加上pos或是pot基本上是為了好發音，所以像sum以s開頭，就加上pos-sum。很簡單吧！
| Present indicative I am able, can | Future indicative I will/shall abe able, can | Imperfect indicative I was able, could |
| Pos-sum Pot-es Pot-est Pos-sumus Pot-estis Pos-sunt | Pot-ero Pot-eris Pot-erit Pot-erimus Pot-eritis Pot-erunt | Pot-eram Pot-eras Pot-erat Pot-eramus Pot-eratis Pot-erant |
上述又稱之為complemetary infinitive，因為就像是英文中的to be able，只說possum並不是一個完整的不定式，還需要有其他的不定動詞來補充他。好比說我們先前看過的debere(should, ought, must)，他也需要與其他不定動詞搭配。參考下面幾個例子或許會更容易了解一點：
Amici nostri poterant superare multa pericula.
Our friends can conquer many dangers.
Amicus meus remanere non potest.
My friend cannot remain.
Debes conservare pecuiam tuam.
You should save your money.
要注意的是，complementary infinitive跟他依附的動詞所作用的對象相同。
Vocabula
| NOUN | | |
| Deus, -i[1] | m | Voc. Sg., deus, Nom. Pl., di, dat., and abl.,dis( the plurals dei and deis became common during Augustan Period) Dea, deae, f, dat. and abl., pl., deabus, godess |
| Discipulus, discipuli | m | Learner, pupil, student Discipula, discipulae, f |
| Insidiae, insidiarum[2] | f | Pl., ambush, plot, treachery |
| Liber, libri | m | Book |
| Tyrannus, tyranni | m | Absolute ruler, tyrant |
| Vitium, vitii | n | Fault, crime, vice |
| ADJECTIVE | | |
| Greacus, -a, -um | | Greek |
| Perpetuus, -a, -um | | Perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted |
| Plenus, -a, -um | | Full, abundant, generous |
| Salvus, -a, um | | Safe, sound |
| Secundus, -a, -um | | Second; favourable |
| Vester, vestra, vestrum | | Your, yours pl. |
| OTHER | | |
| -que | Conj. | And (attached to the second of two words to be joined) |
| Ubi | Adv. Conj. | Where, when; interrogative, where? |
| Ibi | Adv. | There |
| Nunc | Adv. | Now |
| Quare | Adv. | Because of which thing (qua re); more commonly, therefore |
| VERB | | |
| Possum, posse, potui | | To be able, can, could, have power |
| Tolero, tolerare, toleravi, toleratum | | To bear, endure |
Exercitationes
1. Oculī nostrī nōn valēbant; quārē agrōs bellōs vidēre nōn poterāmus.
Our eyes were not strong; therefore, we used to not be able to see the pretty fields.
2. Sine multā pecūniā et multīs dōnīs tyrannus satiāre populum Rōmānum nōn poterit.
Without much money and many gifts, the tyrant will not be able to satisfy the Roman people.
3. Nōn poterant, igitur, tē dē poenā amīcōrum tuōrum herī monēre.
Therefore, they were not able to warn you about the penalty of your friends yesterday.
4. Parvus numerus Graecōrum crās ibi remanēre poterit.
A small number of the Greeks will be able to stay there tomorrow.
5. Magister puerōs malōs sine morā vocābit.
The teacher will call the bad boys without delay.
6. Fīliae vestrae dē librīs magnī poētae saepe cōgitābant.
Your daughters often thought about the books of great poets.
7. Quandō satis sapientiae habēbimus?
When will we have enough wisdom?
8. Multī librī antīquī propter sapientiam cōnsiliumque erant magnī.
Because of wisdom and advice, many ancient books were great.
9. Glōria bonōrum librōrum semper manēbit.
The glory of good books will always remain.
10. Possuntne pecūnia ōtiumque cūrās vītae hūmānae superāre?
Can money and leisure conquer the anxiety of human life?
11. Therefore, we cannot always see the real vices of a tyrant.
Vera, igitur, vitia tyranni non semper possumus videre.
12. Few free men will be able to tolerate an absolute ruler.
Pauci liberi tyrannum tolerare poterunt.
13. Many Romans used to praise the great books of the ancient Greeks.
Multi Romani magnos libros Graecorum antiquorum laudabant.
14. Where can glory and (use -que) fame be perpetual?
Ubi possunt gloria famaque esse perpetuae?
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Dionysius tum erat tyrannus Syracūsānōrum. (Cicero.– Dionysius, -iī, m—a Greek name. –Syrācūsānus, –ī, a syracusan.)
Dionysius was, at that time, the tyrant of the Syracusans.
2. Optāsne meam vītam fortūnamque gustāre? (Cicero. — optāre, to wish– gustāre, to taste)
Do you wish to taste my life and fortune?
3. Possumusne, O dī, in malīs īnsidiīs et magnō exitiō esse salvī? (Cicero.)
Can we be safe, O gods, in evil treachery and great destruction?
4. Propter cūram meam in perpetuō perīculō nōn eritis. (Cicero.)
Because of my attention, you will not be in continuous danger.
5. Propter vitia tua multī tē culpant et nihil tē in patriā tuā dēlectāre nunc potest. (Cicero. — dēlectāre, to delight)
Because of your vices, many men blame you and nothing can delight you now in your country now.
6. Fortūna Pūnicī bellī secundī varia erat. (Livy. — Pūnicus, -a, –um, Punic, Carthaginian. — varius, -a, –um, varied)
The fortune of the second Punic war was varied.
7. Patria Rōmānōrum erat plēna Graecōrum librōrum statuārumque pulchrārum. (Cicero. — statua –ae, f, statue)
The fatherland of the Romans was full of Greek books and pretty statues.
8. Sine dīs et deābus in caelō animus nōn potest sānus esse. (Seneca.)
Without the gods and goddesses in the sky, the soul cannot be sound.
9. Sī animus īnfīrmus est, nōn poterit bonam fortūnam tolerāre. (Publilius Syrus. –īnfīrmus, -a, –um, not strong, weak)
If the spirit is weak, it will not be able to tolerate good fortune.
10. Ubi lēgēs valent, ibi populus līber potest valēre. (Publilius Syrus. –lēgēs, pl., laws)
Where the laws are strong, the free people there can be strong.
雖然在英文通常都是用單數的law來談，但是羅馬人習慣用複數的leges來說法律，這點在翻譯時需要注意。
"I DO NOT LOVE THEE, DOCTOR FELL"
這則短文有個很有趣的故事：有個牛津大學的學生Tom Brown被Dr. John Fell威脅要開除他。Dr. Fell告訴Tom，如果他能夠翻譯這則短文，那就開除他。這就是這則短文被稱之為《我不愛您，Dr. Fell》的原因。
(*Martial 1.32; meter: elegiac couplet. amo: the -ō ending often shortened in Latin poetry.–Sabidius, -iī the name of Martial’s perhaps fictious target. –nec=et nōn. — dīcere, say– hoc, acc., this– tantum, adv., only)
Nōn amo tē, Sabidī, nec possum dīcere quārē.
I do not love you, Sabidi, and I cannot say why.
Hoc tantum possum dīcere: nōn amo tē.
This only, I can say: I do not love you
THE HISTORIAN LIVY LAMENTS THE DECLINE OF ROMAN MORALS
這則短文是改編自李維(Livy)的《羅馬建城紀年》(Ab Urbe Condita)中的一小段文字。
Nec…nec…, conj., neither…nor.
Populus Rōmānus magnōs animōs et paucās culpās habēbat.
Roman people used to have great souls and little faults.
Dē officiīs nostrīs cōgitābāmus et glōriam bellī semper laudābāmus.
We used to think about our duty and always praised the glory of war.
Sed nunc multum ōtium habēmus, et multī sunt avārī. Nec vitia nostra nec remedia tolerāre possumus.
But now we have much leisure, and many men are greedy. Neither other vices nor remedy can we tolerate.
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