Teach yourself Latin III

CAPVT III

Second Declension: Masculine Nouns and Adjectives; Apposition; Word Order

在上一章已經看過第一變化的字尾變化方式，在本章則是進入到第二變化。在這章中介紹的是屬於第二變化的陽性名詞，他們的變化與第一變化有些不同。其變化如下所示：

Amicus (friend) Amic-		Maganus (great) Magan-	Amici (friends) Amic-	Magani (great) Magan-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Amicus Amici Amico Amicum Amico Amice	Maganus Magani Magano Maganum Magano Magane	Amici Amicorum Amicis Amicos Amicis Amici	Magani Maganorum Maganis Maganos Maganis Magani

此處要注意的是，只有屬於第二變化陽性以-us結尾的名詞，在單數時的vocative case結尾是-e而非與nominative case相同。而以-ius結尾的名詞，如filius (son)在vocative case時則是以-i結尾。此外，meus (my)也被歸類進-ius結尾，所以其vocative case是mi而非me。

而第二變化陽性以-er結尾的名詞則如下所示：

Puer (boy) Puer-		Ager (field) Agr-	Pueri (boys) Puer-	Agri (fields) Agr-
N G D Ac Ab Vo	Puer Pueri Puero Puerum Puero Puer	Ager Agri Agro Agrum Agro Ager	Pueri Puerorum Pueris Pueros Pueris Pueri	Agri Agrorum Agris Agros Agris Agri

此處需要注意的是，puer與ager雖然都是以-er結尾，但是ager是以agr-為變化基礎，所以在背誦單字時務必要記得將genetive case也一併背起來！另外要注意的是，形容詞如巨大，其根據所修飾的名詞詞性不同可能會有不同的變化，但其變化要按照其在主格時的字尾來選擇變化規則，以maganus來說，即便其修飾陽性名詞如puer，及字尾的變化依舊要按照-us結尾的規則。所以呼喊一個大男孩時，應該要喊：magane puer!，而非maganer puer!

Apposition (同位語)

如果有一個名詞是另一個名詞的同位語，則這兩個名詞所屬的格將會相同。

如：

Gaium, filium meum, in agro video.

在此處，Gaium跟filum meum就是同位語。在文法上、詮釋上的地位都相同。

Word Order

在拉丁文中，最標準的構句方式是以「主詞及修飾語」、「間接受詞與修飾語」、「直接受詞與修飾」、「副詞修飾」、「動詞」的方式來進行。但常常因為希望能夠將強調某項重點，所以這樣的規則經常被打破。尤其在拉丁文這種字尾變化繁多的語言，其語句意義其實幾乎是與句中的文句順序無關；像英文、中文這兩種字尾變化很少的語言，就必須仰賴文句順序來了解誰是主詞受詞。好比說下面這個例子：

Puer puellae bellae rosam dat.

Bellae puellae puer rosam dat.

Bellae puellae rosam dat puer.

Rosam puer puellae bellae dat.

這四句其實都是表達The boy is giving the pretty girl a rose.，但是透過不同的字序，可以告訴他人自己想要強調哪個部分。

Vocabula

NOUN
ager, agrī	m		Field, farm
agricola, -ae	m		Farmer
amīca, -ae	f		Female friend
femina, -ae	f		Woman
fīlia, -ae	f		Dat. & Abl., filiabus, Daughter
fīlius, fīliī	m		Son
numerus -ī	m		Number
populus, -ī	m		The people, a people, a nation
puer, puerī	m		Boy
sapientia, -ae	f		Wisdom
vir, virī	m		Man, hero
ADJECTIVE
Avārus, -a, um				Greedy, avaricious
Paucī, -ae, -a				USUALLY PLURAL, few, a few
Rōmānus, -a, -um				Roman
OTHER
dē		Prep.		+abl., down from, from; concerning, about
in		Prep.		+abl., in, on
hodiē		Adv.		Today
semper		Adv.		Always
VERB
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum				To have
satiō				To satisfy

Exercitationes

1. Filium nautae Rōmānī in agrīs vidēmus.

We see the son of a Roman sailor on the farm.

Nauta雖然字尾為-a結尾，但是是陽性，所以修飾其的形容詞為romanus，變化為genetive case成為romani。

2. Puerī puellās hodiē vocant.

The boys are calling the girls today.

3. Sapientiam amīcārum, fīlia mea, semper laudat.

My daughter always praises her friends’ wisdom.

4. Multī virī et fēminae philosophiam antīquam cōnservant.

Many men and women preserve the ancient philosophy.

5. Sī īra valet, O mī fīlī, saepe errāmus et poenās damus.

If anger is strong, O my son, we often make mistake and pay the penalty.

6. Fortūna virōs magnōs amat.

Fortune loves great men.

7. Agricola fīliābus pecūniam dat.

The farmer gives his daughters money.

8. Without a few friends life is not strong.

Sine paucis amicis vita non valet.

9. Today you have much fame in your country.

Multam famam in patria tua hodie habes.

10. We see great fortune in your daughters’ lives, my friend.

Mi amice, fortunam magnam in vitis filiarum tuarum videmus.

11. He always gives my daughters and sons roses.

Filiis et filiabus meis rosas semper dat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Dēbētis, amīcī, dē populō Rōmānō cōgitāre. (Cicero)

Friends, you must think about the Roman people.

2. Maecēnās, amīcus Augustī, mē in numerō amīcōrum habet. (Horace. –Maecēnās, a name in onm.；Augustus, -ī)

Maecenas, a friend of Augustus, has me in the number of his friends.

3. Libellus meus et sententiae meae vītās virōrum moment. (Phaedrus. –libellus, -ī, little book)

My little book and opinions advise  lives of men.

4. Paucī virī sapientiae student. (Cicero. –studēre+ dat., to be eager for)

Few men are eager for wisdom.

5. Fortūna adversa virum magnae sapientiae nōn terret. (Horace. — adversus, -a, -um, unfortune)

Adverse fortune does not frighten a man of great wisdom.

6. Cimōn, vir magnae fāmae, magnam benevolentiam habet. (Nepos. –Cimōn，a name nom. Sg.；–benevolentia, -ae , =Eng)

Cimon, a man of great fame, has great benevolence.

7. Semper avārus eget. (*Horace. –avārus=avārus vir. –egēre, to be in need

A greedy man is always in need.

8. Nūlla cōpia pecūniae avārum virum satiat. (Seneca. –cōpia, -ae, abundance)

No abundance of money satisfies a greedy man.

9. Pecūnia avārum irrītat, nōn satiat. (Publilius Syrus. –irrītāre, to excite, exasperate)

Money excites, not satisfies a greedy man.

10. Sēcrētē amīcōs admonē; laudā palam. (*Publilius Syrus. — sēcrētē, in secret–admonē=monē. –palam, adv., openly)

Advise your friends in secret; praise them openly.

11. Modum tenēre dēbēmus. (*Seneca. –modus, -ī, moderation–tenēre, to hold, maintain)

We ought to maintain moderation.

THE GRASS IS ALWAYS GREENER

這是改寫自Horace作品的一篇小散文，非常有趣。各行各業有各行各業的辛苦之處，但是身處一地總會覺得他人似乎有比自己更好的待遇；又或說是，人總是會覺得好還要再更好，永遠無法被滿足。

Agricola et vītam et fortūnam nautae saepe laudat;

A farmer often praise both the life and fortune of a sailor;

nauta magnam fortūnam et vītam poētae saepe laudat;

a sailor often praise the great fortune and life of a poet;

et poēta vītam et agrōs agricolae laudat.

a poet praise both the life and field of a farmer.

Sine philosophiā avārī virī dē pecūniā semper cōgitant:

Without philosophy, greedy men always think about money:

multam pecūniam habent, sed pecūnia multa virum avārum nōn satiat.

They have many money, but much money doesn’t satisfy much a greedy man.