CAPVT VII
本章介紹名詞的第三變化。此變化含有陽性、陰性、中性名詞，其變化如下：
Rex, m, king Reg- | Virtus, f, merit Virtut- | Reges, m, kings Reg- | Virtutes, f, merits Virtut- | |
N G D Ac Ab Vo | Reg Regis Regi Regem Rege Rex | Virtus Virtutis Virtuti Virtutem Virtute Virtus | Reges Regum Regibus Reges Regibus Reges | Virtutes Virtutum Virtutibus Virtutes Virtutibus Virtutes |
Homo, m, man Homin- | Corpus, n , body Corpor- | Homines, m, men Homin- | Corpora, n, body Corpor- | |
N G D Ac Ab Vo | Homo Hominis Homini Hominem Homine Homo | Corpus Corporis Corpori Corpus Corpore Corpus | Homines Hominum Hominibus Homines Hominibus Homines | Corpora Corporum Corporibus Corpora Corporibus Corpora |
在第三變化中，陽性名詞如rex、homo變化的字根都與其主格有別，必須特別注意。而Corpus以-us結尾，可以透過其屬格corporis確認其為第三變化的中性名詞，而非第二變化的陽性名詞。在第三變化中，中性名詞在變化時略與其他性有所不同，其於單數受格時與主格同形，複數時主格與受格皆以-a為結尾。
Vocabula
NOUN | ||
Amor, amoris | m | Love |
Carmen, carminis | f | Song, poem |
Civitas, civitatis | f | State, citizenship |
Corpus,corporis | n | Body |
Homo, hominis | m | Man, human being |
Labor, laboris | m | Labor, work, toil; awork, production |
Littera, litterae | f | A letter of the alphabet |
Litterae,litterarum | f | Pl., a letter (epistle), literature |
Mos,moris | m | Habit, custom, manner |
Mores, morum | m | Pl., habits, morals, character[1] |
Nomen, nominis | n | Name |
Pax, pacis | f | Peace |
Regina, reginae | f | Queen |
Rex, regis | m | King |
Tempus, temporis | n | Time; occasion, opportunity |
Terra, terrae | f | Earth, ground, land, country |
Uxor, uxoris | f | Wife |
Virgo, virtutis | f | Maiden, virgin |
Virtus, virtutis | f | Manliness, courage; excellence, character, worth, virtue |
ADJECTIVE | ||
Novus, nova, novum | new | |
OTHER | ||
post | Prep. | +acc, after, behind |
sub | Prep. | +acc., with verbs of motion, +abl., with verbs of rest, under, up under, close to ; down to/into, to/at the foot of |
VERB | ||
Audio, audere, ausus sum | To dare | |
Neco, necare, necavi, necatum | To murder, kill | |
Exercitationes
1. Secundās litterās discipulae herī vidēbās et de verbīs tum cōgitābās.
You saw the student’s second letter yesterday and then thought about the words.
注意，此處的litteras是複數形，如果是做字母，那第二個字母也應該是單數而不是複數，應該翻成letter。
2. Fēminae sine morā cīvitātem dē īnsidiīs et exitiō malō monēbunt.
The women will warn the state about the ambush and evil destruction without delay.
3. Rēx et rēgīnā igitur crās nōn audēbunt ibi remanēre.
The king and queen, therefore, will not dare remain there tomorrow.
4. Mōrēs graecōrum nōn erant sine culpīs vitiīsque.
The Greeks’ character was not without faults and vices.
翻譯時要注意Mores的意思跟mos不盡相同。
5. Quandō hominēs satis virtūtis habēbunt?
When will men have enough virtue?
6. Corpora vestra sunt sāna et animī sunt plēnī sapientiae.
Your bodies are sound and your minds are full of wisdom.
7. Propter mōrēs hūmānōs pācem vēram nōn habēbimus.
Because of human character we will not have true peace.
8. Poteritne cīvitās perīcula temporum nostrōrum superāre?
Will the state be able to overcome the dangers of our times?
9. Post bellum multōs librōs dē pāce et remediīs bellī vidēbant.
After war, they used to see many books about peace and the remedies of war.
10. Officia sapientiamque oculīs animī possumus vidēre.
We can see duties and wisdom by the eyes of the spirit.
Oculis animi是靈魂之眼的意思，類同於我們說靈魂之窗是眼睛。而這邊的oculis是ablative case，是by such and such的意思。
11. Without sound character we cannot have peace.
Sine moribus sanis pacem habere non possumus.
12. Many students used to have small time for Greek literature.
Multi discipuli parvum tempus litteris Graecis habebant.
13. After bad times true virtue and much labor will help the state.
Post tempora mala virtus vera et labor multus civitatem adiuvabunt.
14. The daughters of your friends were dining there yesterday.
Ibi filiae amicorum vestrorum heri cenabant.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Homō sum. (*Terence.)
I am a man.
2. Nihil sub sōle novum (*Ecclesiastes. –sōl, sōlis, m, sun – novum: sc. est.)
Nothing beneath the sun is new.
3. Carmina nova dē adulēscentiā virginibus puerīsque nunc cantō. (Horace. –cantāre, to sing)
I now sing new songs about youth for maidens and boys.
4. Laudās fortūnam et mōrēs antīquae plēbis. (*Horace. –plēbs, plēbis, f, the common people)
You praise the fortune and character of the ancient people.
這邊的plebis是英文的plebe的來源，但是這個詞彙在現在已經有負面意涵，像是低下的群眾等義，所以這邊還是翻成people比較好，畢竟是稱頌plebis。
5. Bonī propter amōrem virtūtis peccāre ōdērunt. (Horace. –peccāre, to sin –ōdērunt, to hate)
Because of love of virtue, good men will hate to sin.
6. Sub prīncipe dūrō temporibusque malīs audēs esse bonus. (Martial. –prīnceps –cipis, m, chief, prince；dūrus, -a, –um, hard, harsh)
Under a harsh chief and bad times, you dare to be good.
7. Populus stultus virīs indignīs honōrēs saepe dat. (Horace. –honor, -nōris, m, honour, office–indignus, -a, –um, unworthy)
Foolish people often give honour to unworthy men.
8. Nōmina stultōrum in parietibus et portīs semper vidēmus. (Cicero. — pariēs –etis, m, wall of building)
We always see names of fools on the walls and gates of buildings.
9. ōtium sine litterīs mors est. (*Seneca. –mors, mortis, f, death)
Leisure without literature is death.
10. Multae nātiōnēs servitūtem tolerāre possunt; nostra cīvitās nōn potest. Praeclāra est recuperātiō lībertātis. (Cicero. –nation, –ōnis, nation–servitūs, –tūtis, servitude–praeclārus, -a, –um, noble, remarkable–recuperation, –ōnis, recovery –lībertās –tātis, freedom)
Many nations can tolerate slavery; our state cannot. The recovery of liberty is remarkable.
11. Nihil sine magnō labōre vīta mortālibus dat. (Horace. –mortālis, –tālis, a mortal)
Life gives nothing to mortals without great effort.
12. Quōmodo in perpetuā pāce salvī et līberī esse poterimus? (Cicero. –quōmodo, how)
How will we be able to be safe and free in perpetual peace?
13. Glōria in altissimīs Deō et in terrā pāx hominibus bonae voluntātis. (*Luke. –altissimus abl., pl, the highest –voluntās, –tātis, will)
Glory to God in the highest and peace to men of good will on earth.
THE RAPE OF LUCRETIA
Rapuit, raped. –se, herself.—necavit, a past form of to kill.—Tarquinios, the entire royal family (Livy 1.58)
Tarquinius Superbus erat rēx Rōmānōrum, et Sextus Tarquinius erat fīlius malus tyrannī.
Tarquinius Superbus was the king of Rome, and Sextus Tarquinius was the evil son of the tyrant.
Sextus Lucrētiam, uxōrem Collātīnī, rapuit, et fēmina bona, propter magnum amōrem virtūtis, sē necāvit.
Sextus Lucrētiam raped the wife of Collatinus, and the good female, because of great love of virtue, she killed herself.
Rōmānī antīquī virtūtem animōsque Lucrētiae semper laudābant et Tarquiniōs culpābant.
Ancient Roman men always preaised virtues and courages of Lucretiae and blamed Tarquinios.
CATULLUS DEDICATES HIS POETRY BOOK
Catullus 1, prose adaptation; see L.I. 1. Catullus dedicated his first book of poems to the historian and biographer Cornelius Nepos. — doctus, -a, -um, learned, schoolarly
Cornēliō, virō magnae sapientiae, dabō pulchrum librum novum.
I give Cornelius, a man of great wisdom, a new pretty book.
Cornēlī, mī amīce, librōs meōs semper laudābās, et es magister doctus litterārum!
Cornelius, my friend, you always praised my books, and you are a learned master of literature!
Quārē habē novum labōrem meum: fāma librī (et tua fāma) erit perpetua.
Therefore, have my new book: the reputation of book (and your reputation) will be perpetual.
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