CAVPT II
First Declension Nouns and Adjectives; Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections
本章介紹第一型名詞與形容詞字尾變化(Declension)。
拉丁文與英文一大不同之處在於，拉丁文具有非常強的格性(case)。英文文句中，主格、受格等並不會標註於字詞之上，讀者必須自行分析該字在此句中扮演何種角色；拉丁文則否，每個名詞都會標註自己屬於主格還是受格，我們可以這麼想，在拉丁文中說大雄愛靜香時，我們可以清楚的知道「大雄(主格)愛(第三人稱單數)靜香(受格)」，因此一樣的句子我們可以寫成「大雄靜香愛」[1]、「靜香愛大雄」而毫不改變其義。
拉丁文共有六種格：主格(Nominative Case)、屬格(Genitive Case)、與格(Dative Case)、受格(Accusative Case)、離格(Ablative Case)。其中需特別注意Dative case與Accusative case的意義，一般常將Dative case理解為間接受格而Accusative case則為直接受格，比方說「小叮噹給大雄竹蜻蜓」在此句中的「竹蜻蜓」是「給」這個動詞的直接作用到的對象，然後才是大雄。但其實這樣的理解只正確理解到「格」的部分意義，因為日後我們將會發現有些詞彙必定要加上受格或是與格，好比說拉丁文中的sine(without)就一定搭配離格(ablative case)[2]。
簡單的小例子：
Porta (gate) Port- | Magana (large, great) Magan- | Portae (gates) | Maganae (pl.) | |
N G D Ac Ab Vo | Porta Portae Portae Portam Porta porta | Magana Maganae Maganae Maganam Magana Magana | Portae Portarum Portis Portas Portis portae | Maganae Maganarum Maganis Maganas Maganis Maganae |
有注意到字尾的變化嗎？拉丁文的字尾變化豐富，所以一定要記熟，否則學到越後面變化越來越多，會欲哭無淚。形容詞的字尾變化是跟著其所欲修飾的名詞而變，「大門」的「大」是要修飾「門」，所以用拉丁文來寫就是Porta magana[3](主格時)。但要注意，形容詞只會與名詞的詞性相同，變化的結尾未必相同。
基本上有幾個特點可以來幫助記憶，名詞或是形容詞的單數的結尾的accusative case和複數的genetive case常以-m結尾；dative case和ablative case在複數時一定長的一樣。
所以當我們看到Poeta puellae magnas rasas dat. 時
我們從字尾變化就能知道：
poeta為nominative case
puellae可能是genetive或是dative case，但根據前後文句，應做dative
maganas 是跟著rosas，都是複數的accustive case
dat是第三人稱單數現在式的gives
所以這句可能會是：The poet gives large roses to the girl.
從這個例子中我們也可以發現拉丁文沒有英文中的冠詞、定冠詞，在翻譯成英文時要小心這一點，不要忘了加上適當的冠詞！
Vocabvla
拉丁文的名詞和法文、葡萄牙文等一樣，都有性別，分為陰性、楊性、中性。截至目前為止我們會看到的就只有第一變化中以名詞以-a結尾的名詞，通常以a結尾的都是陰性，但也有少數的陽性名詞，像是poeta(poet)和nauta(sailor)。
拉丁文的名詞和法文、葡萄牙文等一樣，都有性別，分為陰性、楊性、中性。截至目前為止我們會看到的就只有第一變化中以名詞以-a結尾的名詞，通常以a結尾的都是陰性，但也有少數的陽性名詞，像是poeta(poet)和nauta(sailor)。
NOUN | ||
fāma, fāmae | f | Rumor, report; fame, reputation |
fōrma, fōrmae | f | Form, shape; beauty |
fortūna, fortūnae | f | Fortune, luck |
īra, īrae | f | Ire, anger |
nauta, nautae | m | Sailor |
patria, patriae | f | Fatherland, native land |
pecūnia, pecūniae | f | Money |
philosophia, -ae | f | Philosophy |
poena, -ae | f | Penalty, punishment; “poenas dare”, pay the penalty |
poēta, -ae | m | Poet |
porta, -ae | f | Gate, entrance |
puella, -ae | f | girl |
rosa, -ae | f | rose |
sententia, -ae | f | Feeling, thought, opinion, vote, sentence |
vita, -ae | f | life |
ADJECTIVE | ||
| antiquus, -a, -um | m, f, n | ancient, old-time |
| maganus, -a, -um | m, f, n | large, great |
| meus, -a, -um | m, f, n | my |
| multus, -a, -um | m, f, n | much, many |
| tuus, -a, -um | m, f, n | your |
OTHER | ||
| est | is | |
| et | conj. | and; even; et....et, both....and.... |
| sed | conj. | but |
| O | interj. | Oh! Commonly preceding a vocative |
| Sine | prep. | +abl., without |
Sententiae antiguae
1. Salvē, O patria! (Plautus.)
Hello, O fatherland!
2. Fāma et sententia volant.
(Virgil. — volāre, verb, to fly,
move quickly)
Rumor and opinion fly.
3. Dā veniam puellae, amābō
tē. (Terence. — venia, -ae, f., favor, pardon )
Give the girl a favor, please.
這邊的da是命令句，而amabo te是please。
4. Clēmentia tua multās vītās servat. (Cicero. — clēmentia, -ae, clemency)
Your clemency saves many lives.
利用字尾的變化我們就會發現形容詞是修飾誰、名詞是屬於甚麼格！
5. Multam pecūniam dēportat. (Cicero. — dēportāre, verb, tocarry away )
He carries away much money.
6. Fortūnam et vītam antīquae patriae saepe laudās sed recūsās. (Horace. — recūsāre, verb, to refuse, reject )
You often praise the fortune and life of the old fatherland but reject them.
這句話在講的是Augustus，他非常常稱讚古羅馬的好，像是共和制等，但其實他自己實行專制，所以說他常稱讚但是拒絕古老的祖國。而recusas作用到的對象跟laudas相同，所以就略而不寫。
7. Mē vītāre turbam iubēs. (*Seneca. — vītāre, to avoid 。– turba, -ae, f., crowd –iubēre, verb, to order )
You order the crowd to avoid me.
注意，turbam在字尾上顯示得很清楚，是作用為accusative，必定是iubes作用對象。不要翻成了you order me to avoid the crowd.
8. Mē philosophiae dō. (Seneca)
I give myself to philosophy.
9. Philosophia est ars vītae.(*Cicero. –ars, art )
Philosophy is the art of life.
10. Sānam fōrmam vītae cōnservāte. (Seneca. –sānus,-a, -um., sound, sane)
Preserve the sound abeauty of life.
11. Immodica īra creat īnsāniam. (Seneca. — immodicus, -a, um, immoderate, excessive.—creare, to creat)
Excessive anger creates insanity.
12. Quid cōgitās? –dēbēmus īram vītāre. (Seneca.)
What are you thinking? – we must avoid anger.
13. Nūlla avāritia sine poenā est. (*Seneca. –nūllus, -a, -um, no –avāritia, -ae, avaricious)
No avarice is without penalty.
14. Mē saevīs catēnīs onerat. (Horace. — saevus, -a, -um, cruel.–catēna, -ae, chain.–onerāre, to load, oppress)
He oppresses me with cruel chains.
此句從onerat的字尾得知主詞應該是第三人稱單數，但句中並沒有名詞符合，所以本句的主詞在拉丁文中被藏了起來，翻成英文時要翻出來。
15. Rotam fortūnae nōn timent. (Cicero –rota, -ae, wheel –timēre, to fear)
They do not fear the wheel of fortune.
16. The girls save the poet’s life.
Puellae vitam poetae servant.
17. Without philosophy we often go astray and pay the penalty.
Sine philosophia saepe erramus et poenas damus.
18. If your land is strong, nothing terrifies the sailors and you ought to praise your great fortune.
Si tua patria valet, nihil nautas terret et laudare magnam fortunam tuam debes.
19. We often see the penalty of anger.
Saepe poenam irae videmus.
20. The ancient gate is large.
Porta antiqua est magna.
CATULLUS BIDS HIS GIRLFRIEND FAREWELL
這是一首改編過的詩，是Catullus在與情人分手後寫下的詩，其中的轉折應該很多人看了會心有戚戚焉吧？
obdurare , to be firm, tough.—basiare, to kiss.—te, you
Puella mea mē nōn amat.
My girl doesn’t love me.
Valē, puella! Catullus obdūrat:
Goodbye, the girl! Catullus is tough:
poēta puellam nōn amat,
the poet doesn’t love the girl,
fōrmam puellae nōn laudat,
he doesn’t praise the beauty of the girl,
puellae rosās nōn dat,
he doesn’t give the girl roses,
et puellam nōn bāsiat!
and he doesn’t kiss the girl!
Ira mea est magna!
My anger is great!
Obdūrō, mea puella — sed sine tē nōn valeō.
I am though, my girl—but without you, I am not strong.
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