Teach yourself Latin XVI

CAPVT XVI

Third Declension Adjectives

本課的重點在於第三種形容詞變化。此種變化類同於先前於CAPVT XIV中所介紹的i-stem名詞變化，declension基本上相同。

-i結尾於所有單數genitive case

-ium結尾於所有複數genitive case

-ia結尾於所有複數nominative, accusative case

如下表所示：

	M/F	N	M/F	N	M/F	N	M/F	N
N G D A A	Civis Civis Civi Civem Cive	Mare Maris Mari Mare Mari	Fortis Fortis Forti Fortem Forti	Forte Fortis Forti Forte Forti	Acer, Acris Acris Acri Acrem Acri	Acre Acris Acri Acrem Acri	Potens Potentis Potenti Potentem Potenti	Potens Potentis Potenti Potens Potenti
N G D A A	Cives Civium Civibus Cives Civibus	Maria Marium Maribus Maria Maribus	Fortes Fortium Fortibus Fortes Fortibus	Fortia Fortium Fortibus Fortia Fortibus	Acres Acrium Acribus Acres Acribus	Acria Acrium Acribus Acria Acribus	Potentes Potentium Potentibus Potentes Potentibus	Potentia Potentium Potentibus Potentia Potentibus

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Aetas, aetatis	f	Period of life, life, age, an age, time
Auditor, auditoris	m	Hearer, listener, member of an audience
Clementia, clementiae	f	Mildness, gentleness, mercy
Mens, mentis	f	Mind, thought, intention
Satura, saturae	f	satire
ADJECTIVE
Acer, acris, acre		Sharp, keen, eager; severe, fierce
Brevis, brevis, breve		Short, small, brief
Celer, celeris, celere		Swift, quick, rapid
Difficilis, difficilis, difficile		Hard, difficult, troublesome
Dulcis, dulcis, dulce		Sweat; pleasant, agreeable
Facilis, facilis, facile		Easy, agreeable
Fortis, fortis, forte		Strong, brave
Ingens, ingens, ingens		Huge
Iucundus, iucunda, iucundum		Pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing
Longus, longa, longum		Long
Omnis, omnis, omne		Every, all
Potens, potens, potens		Gen. potentis, able, powerful, mighty, strong
Senex, senex, senex		Gen. senis, adj and noun, old, old age; old man
OTHER
quam	adv	how
VERB
Rego, regere, rexi, rectum		To rule, guide, direct

EXERCITATIONES

1. Fortēs virī et fēminae ante aetātem nostram vīvēbant.

Brave men and women used to live before our time.

2. Eōs centum senēs miserōs ab Italiā trāns maria difficilia herī mittēbat.

He sent those one hundred miserable old men away from Italy  across the difficult seas yesterday.

3. Illī duo virī omnēs cupiditātēs ex sē ēiēcērunt, nam nātūram corporis timuērunt.

Those two men threw out all desires from themselves, for they feared the nature of the body.

4. Potēns rēgīna, quoniam sē dīlēxit, istōs trēs vītāvit et sē cum eīs numquam iūnxit.

The powerful queen, since she esteemed herself, shunned those three men and never joined (herself) with them.

5. Itaque inter eōs ibi stābam et signum cum animō fortī diū exspectābam.

Therefore I used to stand among them there and wait for a sign with courage for a long time.

6. Celer rūmor per ōra aurēsque omnium sine morā currēbat.

The swift rumor ran through the mouths and ears of all people without delay.

7. Vīs bellī acerbī autem vītam eius paucīs hōrīs mūtāvit.

The force of a fierce war, however, changed his life in a few hours.

8. Quīnque ex nautīs sē ex aquā trāxērunt sēque Caesarī potentī commīsērunt.

Five of the sailors dragged themselves out of the water and entrusted themselves to mighty Caesar.

9. Caesar nōn poterat suās cōpiās cum celeribus cōpiīs rēgis iungere.

Caesar could not join his own troops with the swift troops of the king.

10. Themistoclēs omnēs cīvēs ōlim appellābat et nōmina eōrum ācrī memoriā tenēbat.

Once puon a time, Themistocles were speaking to all of the citizens and kept their names by keen memory.

11. In caelō sunt multae nūbēs et animālia agricolae tempestāte malā nōn valent.

Many clouds are in the sky and the farmer’s animals are not well in the bad weather.

12. The father and mother often used to come to the city with their two sweet daughters.

Pater materque saepe ad urbem cum duabus filiabus dulcibus veniebant.

13. The souls of brave men and women will never fear difficult times.

Animi virorum feminarumque fortium tempora difficilia numquam timebunt.

14. Does he now understand all the rights of these four men?

Intellegitne omnia iura nunc horum quattuor virorum?

15. The doctor could not help the brave girl, for death was swift.

Medicus puellam fortem adiuvare non poterat, nam mors erat celeris.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quam dulcis est lībertās! (Phaedrus.)

How sweet the liberty is!

2. Labor omnia vīcit. (*Virgil.)

Labour conquered all things.

3. Fortūna fortēs adiuvat. (Terence.)

Fortune helps the strong.

4. Quam celeries et ācris est mēns! (Cicero.)

How swift and sharp the mind is!

5. Polyphēmus erat mōnstrum horrendum, īnfōrme, ingēns. (Virgil. — mōnstrum, -ī, n, monster–horrendus, -a, -um, horrible–īnfōrmis, -e,formless, hideous)

Polyphemus was a horrendous, hideous, huge monster.

6. Varium et mūtābile semper fēmina. (*Virgil. –Order: fēmina semper [est] varium et mūtābile. –varius, -a, -um, varying, fickle–mūtābilis, -e, changeable；varium and mūtābileare used to mean ‘a fickle and changeable thing’

A woman is always a fickle and changeable thing.

7. Facile est epigrammata belle scrībere, sed librum scrībere difficile est. (*Martial. –epigramma, -matis, n , short poem, epigram–belle is the adverb form of bellus, -a, -um)

It is easy to write epigrams neatly, but to write a book is difficult.

8. Ira furor brevis est; animum rege. (*Horace. –furor, -rōris, m, madness)

Anger is a brief madness; rule your spirit.

9. Ars poētica est nōn omnia dīcere. (*Servius. –poēticus, -a, -um, poetic)

The poetic art is not to say everything.

10. Nihil est ab omnī parte beātum. (*Horace.)

Nothing is happy from every part.

11. Liber meus hominēs prūdentī cōnsiliō alit. (Phaedrus. –prūdēns, gen., prūdentis, prudent)

My book nourishes human beings by prudent advice.

12. Māter omnium bonārum atrium sapientia est. (*Cicero.)

The mother of all good arts is wisdom.

13. Clēmentia rēgem salvum facit; nam amor omnium cīvium est inexpugnābile mūnīmentum rēgis. (Seneca. –inexpugnābilis, -e,  impregnable–mūlīmentum, -ī, n,fortification defense)

Mercy makes the king safe; for the love of all citizens is impregnable defense of a king.

14. Vīta est brevis; ars, longa. (Hippocrates, quoted by Seneca.)

Life is short; art, long.

15. Breve tempus aetātis autem satis longum est ad bene vīvendum. (Cicero. –vīvendum, living, verbal noun object of ad, for)

The brief period of life, however, is long enough to live well.

16. Vīvit et vīvet per omnium saeculōrum memoriam. (*Velleius Paterculus –saeculum, -ī, n, century, age)

He lives and will live through the memory of all the ages.

JUVENAL EXPLAINS HIS IMPULSE TO SATIRE

Semper ego audītor erō? Est turba poētārum in hāc urbe — ego igitur erō poēta!

Will I always be an auditor? A crowd of poets is in this city—therfore I will be a poet!

Sunt mīlia vitiōrum in urbe — dē istīs vitiīs scrībam! Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere.

Thousands vices are in the city—I used to write about these evils! The difficult is not to write a satire.

Sī nātūra mē adiuvāre nōn potest, facit indignātiō versum.

If the nature cannot help me, the anger does the versus.

In librō meō erunt omnia facta hominum — timor, īra, voluptās, culpa, cupiditās, īnsidiae. Nunc est plēna cōpia vitiōrum in hāc miserā urbe Rōmae!

All deeds of human beings will be in my book—fear, anger, please, fault, desire and threachery. Now is a full abundance of vices in this miserable city of Rome!

ON A TEMPERAMENTAL FRIEND

Difficilis facilis, iūcundus acerbus– es īdem:

nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē.

(*Martial, 12, 46; meter: elegiac couplet.)

Difficult easy, pleasant bitter – you are the same:

neither with you can I live, nor without you.

隨著課程，這種利用對仗排比而省略動詞或是連接詞的狀況會越來越常出現

這是因為古代承載文字的紙張等非常稀少