Teach yourself Latin XIV

CAPVT XIV

i-stem nouns of the third declension

ablatives of means, accompaniment and manner

I-Stem nouns of third declension

名詞第三變化除了先前曾經在CAPVT VII學過的基本型態以外，尚有i-stem之形式的變化。其實基本變化都與一般第三變化相同，不同之處在於genitive plural的結尾為-ium、ablative neuter singular結尾為-i、nominative and accusative neuter singular為-ia。如下表所示：

	Cons.-stem	i-stem
	Rex, regis  (m, king)	Civis, civis (m, citizens)	Nubes, nubis (f, cloud)	Urbs, Urbis (f, city)	Mare, maris (n, sea)	Vis, vis (f, force)
	Rex Regis Regi Regem Rege	Civis Civis Civi Civem Cive	Nubes Nubis Nubi Nubem Nube	Urbs Urbis Urbi Urbem Urbe	Mare Maris Mari Marem Mari	Vis Vis Vi Vim Vi
	Reges Regum Regibus Reges Regibus	Cives Civium Civibus Cives Civibus	Nubes Nubium Nubius Nubes Nubius	Urbes Urbium Urbibius Urbes urbibius	Maria Marium Maribus Maria Maribus	Vires Virium Viribus Vires Viribus

★cives, urbes這兩個字的accusative plural ending在Golden Age時是以-is結尾。

★vis為不規則變化

要判別是否為i-stem名詞可從nominative case的ending來看：

Masculine: -is, -es

Hostis, hostis, m.; gen. pl. Hostium; enemy

Navis, navis, f.; navium; ship

Moles, molis, f.; molium; mass, structure

Civis, civis 同上

Nubes, nubis 同上

Feminine & a few Masculine: -s, -x

Ars, artis, f.; atrium; art, skill

Dens, dentis, m.; tooth

Nox, noctis, f.; noctium; night

Urbs, Urbis 同上

Neuter: -al, -ar, -e

Animal, animalis, n., animal

Exemplar, exemplaris, n., model, pattern, original

Mare, maris 同上

ABLATIVE of MEANS or INSTRUMENT

Ablative case可以用來表示用甚麼方式、以甚麼樣的工具去做某件事情等，就是英文中的by means of what/in which之意。如：

Litteras stilo scripsit.

He wrote the letter with a pencil.

Cives pecunia vicit.

He conquered the citizens by money.

Id meis oculis vidi.

I saw it with my eyes.

Suis laboribus urbem conservavit.

By his own labours he saved the city.

而cum+ablative的用法也可以用來表示與甚麼人、甚麼東西一起。如：

Cum amicis venerunt.

They came with friends.

Cum celeritate venerunt.

They  came with speed.

Id cum eis fecit.

He did it with them.

Id cum virtute fecit.

He did it with courage. 

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Animal, animalis	n	A living creature, animal
Aqua, aquae	f	Water
Ars, artis	f	Art, skill
Auris, auris	f	Ear
Civis, civis	m/f	citizen
Ius, iuris	n	Right, justice, law
Mare, maris	n	sea
Mors, mortis	f	death
Nubes, nubis	f	cloud
Os, oris	n	Mouth, face
Pars, partis	f	Part, share; direction
Roma, romae	f	Rome
Turba, turbae	f	Uproar, disturbance; mob, crowd, multitude
Urbs, urbis	f	city
Vis, vis	f	Force, power, violence
Vires, virium	f	Pl. strength
OTHER
A, ab	Prep.	(a before consonants, ab before vowels or consonants) +abl, away from, from; by (personal agent)
trans	prep	+acc, across
VERB
Appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum		To speak to, address, call, name
Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum		To run, rush, move quickly
Muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum		To charge, alter; exchange
Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum		To hold, keep, possess; restrain
Vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum		Tp avoid, shun

EXERCITATIONES

1. magnam partem illārum urbium post multōs annōs vī et cōnsiliō capiēbat.

By force and plan, he took a great part of those cities after many years.

2. Ante Caesaris ipsīus oculōs trāns viam cucurrimus et cum amīcīs fūgimus.

Before the eyes of Caesar himself, we ran across the road and fled with friends.

3. Nēmō vitia sua videt, sed quisque illa alterīus.

No one sees his own faults, but each one (sees) those of another.

4. Monuitne nūper eōs dē vītibus illārum urbium in Asiā?

Has he warned them about the strength of those cities in Asia recently?

5. Ipsī autem lībertātem cīvium suōrum magnā cum cūrā aluerant.

However they themselves had support the liberty of their own citizens with great care.

6. Nōmina multārum urbium nostrārum ab nōminibus urbium antīquārum trāximus.

We have drawn names of our many cities from the names of ancient cities.

7. Pars cīvium dīvitiās cēpit et per urbem ad mare cucurrit.

A part of the citizens has took (their) riches and ran through the city to the sea.

8. Hodiē multae nūbēs in caelō sunt signum īrae acerbae deōrum.

Today, many clouds in the sky are a sign of the harsh anger of gods.

9. Illud animal herī ibi cecidit et sē trāns terram ab agrō trahēbat.

That animal fell there yesterday and was dragging itself across the land from the field.

10. That wicked tyrant did not long preserve the rights of these citizens.

Ille tyrannus malus non diu iura horum civium conservavit.

11. Great is the force of the arts.

Magna vis artium est.

12. His wife was standing there with her own friends and doing that with patience.

Uxor eius cum amicis suis ibi stabat et illud cum patientia faciebat.

13. Cicero felt and said the same thing concerning his own life and the nature of death.

Cicero de sua vita et natura mortis idem sentiebat et dicebat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Et Deus aquās maria in prīncipiō appellāvit. (Genesis; aquās, direct object; maria is an objective complement)

And God named the waters the seas in the beginning.

2. Terra ipsa hominēs et animālia ōlim creāvit. (Lucretius.)

Once upon a time the land itself created men and animals.

3. Pān servat ovēs et magistrōs fortūnātōs ovium. (Virgil. –Pan, the god of pastures and shepherds–ovis, ovis, f, sheep)

Pan guards sheep and the blessed masters of the sheep.

4. Parva formīca onera magna ōre trahit. (Horace. –formīca, -ae, ant–onus, oneris, n, load)

A little ant drags great loads by its mouth.

5. Auribus teneō lupum. (*Terence. –lupus, -ī , m, wolf)

I am holding a wolf by the ears.

6. Ille magnam turbam clientium sēcum habet. (Horace. –cliēns, -entis, m, client, dependent)

That man has a great multitude of clients with him.

7. Hunc nēmō vī neque pecūniā superāre potuit. (Ennius.)

No one could conquer this man by force or money.

8. Animus eius erat ignārus artium malārum. (Sallust. –ignārus, -a, -um ignorant)

His mind was ignorant of evil arts.

9. Magna pars meī mortem vītābit. (Horace.)

A great part of me will avoid death.

10. vōs, amīcī doctī, exemplāria Graeca semper cum cūrā versāte. (Horace. –exemplar, -plāris, n, model, original–versāre, to turn; study)

You, learned friends; always study the Greek originals with care.

11. Nōn vīribus et celeritāte corporum magna gerimus, sed sapientiā et sententiā et arte. (Cicero. –celeritās, -tātis, f,  swiftness)

We carry out great things not by strength and swiftness of bodies, but through wisdom and feeling and art.

12. Istī caelum, nōn animum suum, mūtant, sī trāns mare currunt. (Horace.)

Those people change the sky, not their spirit, if they run across the sea.

這句話的意思是人們改變環境而不是自己的心態