CAPVT XI
Personal pronouns: ego, tu, is
本章介紹拉丁文中的人稱代名詞以及其變化規則。
第一第二人稱代名詞之變化如下：
I | WE | YOU(sg.) | YOU(pl) | |
N G D A A | Ego Mei Mihi Me Me | Nos Nostrum/nostri Nobis Nos Nobis | Tu Tui Tibi Te Te | Vos Vertrum/vestri Vobis Vos Vobis |
第三人稱的變化比較複雜一點，但單數時的基本規則跟先前的hic, heac, hoc有點像，而複數形的規則基本上跟先前學過的形容詞變化沒有太大差異。
He, this man | She, this woman | It, this thing | |
N G D A A | Is Eius Ei Eum Eo | Ea Eius Ei Eam Ea | Id Eius Ei Id[1] Eo |
N G D A A | Ei,ii Eorum Eis Eos Eis | Eae Earum Eis Eas Eis | Ea Eorum Eis Ea Eis |
代名詞的用法其實跟一般英文也沒有太大差異，比方說：
Ego tibi libros dabo.
I will give the books to you.
還滿簡單的，唯一的問題就是要背熟各個人稱的declensions而已。
通常羅馬人使用ego等代名詞時，代表他要強調是「我」去如何如何，一般情況下，由於動詞字尾會表述出人稱，並不需要額外在使用這些代名詞來指出人稱。
此外，先前教過用形容詞去說my book, your book，那可以用genitive case去表述相同的意思嗎？答案是：在大多數的情況下不能這樣使用，還是必須要用形容詞meus, mea, meum與tuus, tua, tuum修飾，複數時也一樣。通常只有在第三人稱時才會用genitive case去表達所有格。
IS, EA, ID AS DEMONSTRATIVE
Is/ea/id可以當成比較弱的指示詞，語氣上比起hic或是ille還要弱一點。
要談「一樣的人/事/物」時，可以在代名詞後面接上-dem。但由於發音的關係，所以在acc.時eom, eam, id要改成eondem, eandem, idem；gen.時則為eorundem, earundem, eorundem。
VOCABVLA
NOUN | |||
Caput, capitis | M | Head; leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter | |
Consul, consulis | M | Consul | |
Nemo, nullius, nemini, neminem, nullo/nulla | M F | No one, no body | |
Ego, mei | I | ||
Tu, tui | You | ||
Is, ea, id | This, that; he, she, it | ||
Idem, eadem, idem | The same | ||
ADJECTIVE | |||
Amicus, amica, amicum | Friendly | ||
Carus, cara, carum | Dear | ||
OTHER | |||
Quod | conj | Because | |
Neque, nec | conj | And not, nor; neque....neque or nec...nec, niether nor | |
Autem | Post conj | However, moreover | |
Bene | adv | Of bonus, well, satisfactorily, quite | |
Etiam | adv | Even, also | |
VERB | |||
Intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum | To understand | ||
Mitto, mittere, misi, missum | To sent, let go | ||
Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum | To feel, perceive, think, experience | ||
EXERCITATIONES
1. Eum ad eam cum aliō agricolā herī mittēbant.
They sent him to her with the other farmer yesterday.
2. Tū autem fīliam beātam eius nunc amās.
However you now love happy daughter of him.
3. Propter amīcitiam, ego hoc faciō. Quid tū faciēs, mī amīce?
Because of friendship, I do this. What will you do, my friend?
4. Vōsne eāsdem litterās ad eum mittere crās audēbitis?
Will you dare to send the same letter to him tomorrow?
5. Dūc mē ad eius discipulam (ad eam discipulam), amābō tē.
Lead me to his student (to that student), please.
6. Post laborem eius grātiās magnās eī agēmus.
After his great labor, we will give him great thanks.
7. Tūne vēritātem in eō librō dēmōnstrās?
Do you show the truth in this book?
8. Audē, igitur, esse semper īdem.
Therefore, always dare to be the same.
9. Venitne nātūra mōrum nostrōrum ex nōbīs sōlīs?
Does the nature of our character come from us alone?
10. Dum ratiō nōs dūcet, valēbimus et multa bene gerēmus.
When reason will lead us, we will be strong and accomplish many things well.
11. Illum timōrem in hōc virō ūnō invenīmus.
We find that fear in this one man.
12. Sine labōre autem nūlla pāx in cīvitātem eōrum veniet.
Without labor, however, no peace will come into their state.
13. Studium nōn sōlum pecūniae sed etiam voluptātis hominēs nimium trahit; aliī eās cupiditātēs vincere possunt, aliī nōn possunt.
Eagerness drags humans not only for money but also for pleasure too much; some can overcome these desires, others cannot.
14. His life was always dear to the whole people.
Vita eius populo toti semper erat cara.
15. You will often find them and their friends with me in this place.
Eas et amicos earum in hoc loco mecum saepe invenies.
16. We, however, shall now capture their forces on this road.
Nos autem copias eorum in ea via nunc capiemus.
17. Since I was saying the same things to him about you and his other sisters, your brother was not listening.
Quoniam eadem de te et aliis eius sororibus ei dicebam, frater tuus non audiebat.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Virtūs tua mē amīcum tibi facit. (Horace.)
Your virtue makes me a friend to you.
2. Id sōlum est cārum mihi. (Terence. — cārus)
It alone is dear to me.
3. Sī valēs, bene est; ego valeō. (Pliny. — bene est, it is well.)
If you healthy, that is well; I am healthy.
4. Bene est mihi quod tibi bene est. (Pliny. From letter.—bene est, idiom, it’s good/that’s good
What is well for you is well for me.
5. “Valē.” “Et tū bene valē.” (Terence.)
“Good-bye.” “And you good-bye (well).”
6. Quid hī dē tē nunc sentiunt? (Cicero.)
What do these men now think of you?
7. Omnēs idem sentiunt. (*Cicero. — omnēs, all men)
Everyone thinks the same thing.
8. Videō nēminem ex eīs hodiē esse amīcum tibi. (Cicero. —nēminem, none)
I see that none of them is a friend of you today.
9. Hominēs vidēre caput Cicerōnis in Rōstrīs poterant. (Livy. — eius: Antony proscribed Cicero and had the great orator’s head cut off and displayed on the Rostra—rostra, -orum)
The men were able to see Cicero’s head on the Rostrum.
10. Nōn omnēs eadem amant aut eāsdem cupiditātēs studiaque habent. (Horace.)
Not all men love the same things or have the same desires and pursuits.
11. Nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē. (*Martial.)
I can live neither with you nor without you.
12. Vērus amīcus est alter īdem. (Cicero. — alter īdem: a second self)
A true friend is a “second self.”
CICERO DENOUNCES CATILINE IN THE SENATE
(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.ff.)
Senātus: senate
Dēsignāre, design
Mors, mortis, f, death
Apertē, adv, openly
Quid facis, Catilīna? Quid cōgitās? Sentīmus magna vitia īnsidiāsque tuās.
What are you doing, Catiline? What are you thinking? We feel your great vices and treachery.
O tempora! O mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt.
O the times! O the customs! The senate understands these, the consul sees.
Hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit? Etiam in senātum venit; etiam nunc cōnsilia agere audet; oculīs dēsignat ad mortem nōs!
This man lives nevertheless. He lives? He even comes into the senate; he even dares to carry out the plans now; with his eyes he designs us to death!
Et nōs, bonī virī, nihil facimus! Ad mortem tē, Catilīna, cōnsul et senātus dūcere dēbent.
And we, good men, we do nothing! To death, you Catiline, the consul and senate should lead!
Cōnsilium habēmus et agere dēbēmus; sī nunc nōn agimus, nōs, nōs — apertē dīcō– errāmus!
We have a judgment and we must conduct (it); if we will not conduct (it) now, we, we – I openly say – we are wrong!
Fuge nunc, Catilīna, et dūc tēcum amīcōs tuōs.
Flee now, Catiline, and take your friends with you.
Nōbīscum remanēre nōn potes; nōn tē, nōn istōs, nōn cōnsilia vestra tolerābō!
You can not remain with us; not you, not them, not your plans will I tolerate!
沒有留言:
張貼留言