Teach yourself Latin XV

CAPVT XV

Numerals; genitive of the whole; ablative with numerals and ablative of time

本章的重點其實就只有一個：數字

修飾名詞的數字有點像是形容詞，但是除了one, two, three, two hundred – nine hundred 以及thousands會有declension以外，其他都沒有declension。

這乍聽之下是一個好消息：可以不用背declension！但事實上，拉丁文因為有詞尾變化的這項特性，句子中的word order比較鬆散，這些沒有declension的數字沒有辦法從字尾得知其所屬之格，因此在翻譯上反而會造成困擾。

以下為duo, -a, -o以及Tres, tres, tria的變化。而ducenti, -ae, -a以及其他百位數字之變化同第一第二形容詞複數的declension。

	M	F	N	M/F	N
N G D A A	Duo Duorum Duobus Duos Duorum	Dua Duarum Duabus Duas Duabus	Duo Duorum Duobus Duo Duobus	Tres Trium Tribus Tres Tribus	Tria Trium Tribus Tria tribus

Thousand無論是甚麼性都不會有declension，而thousands的declension則是為第三變化複數中性i-stem。

	Thousand	Thousands
	M/F/N	N
N G D A A	Mille Mille Mille Mille Mille	Milia Milium Milibus Milia Milibus

GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE

本章第二個重點為用genitive case來表達一個整體的部分。如：

Pars urbis, part of the city

Nemo anicorum meorum, none of my friends

有一些實用的拉丁小片語也是這樣構成的：

Nihil temoris, nothing of time = no time

Satis eloquentiae, sufficient eloquence

Quid consilii? What plan?

Multum boni, much good

Quid novi? What new?

Nihil certi, nothing certain

要注意thousand的用法

Decem milia viroum, 10000 men

Mille viri, 1000 men

ABLATIVE WITH CARDINAL NUMERALS

要表達有多少個東西時，有時可以用ex或是de接ablative case，如

Tres ex amicis meis, three of my friends

Quinque ex eis, five of them

Quidam ex eis, a certain one of them

Centum ex viris, 100 of the men

Pauci ex amicis, a few of the friends

ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN OR WITHIN WHICH

想表示在多少時間之內或是在甚麼時候，可以直接用ablative case來表達。在翻譯成英文時要記得補上at, in, on 或是within跟by。如：

Eo tempore non poteram id facere. At that time I could not do it.

Agricolae bonis annis valebant. In good years, the farmers flourished.

Eodem die venerunt. They came on the same day.

Aestate ludebant. In summer they used to play.

Paucis horis id faciet.  In a few hours he will do it.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Italia, Italiae	f	Italy
Memoria, memoriae	f	Memory, recollection
Tempestas, tempestatis	f	Period of time, season; weather, strom
ADJECTIVE
centum		A hundred
mille		Indecl. In sg. Thousand
Milia, milium		Thousands (third decleionsion i-stem)
Miser, misera, miserum		Wretched, miserable, unfortunate
OTHER
Inter	prep	+acc, between, among
Itaque	adv	And so, therefore
VERB
Committo, committere, commisi, commissum		To commit, entrust
Expecto, expectare, expectavi, expectatum		To look for, expect, await
Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum		To throw, hurl
Timeo, timere, timui		To fear, be afraid of

EXERCITATIONES

1. Illae quīnque fēminae inter ea animālia mortem nōn timēbant.

Those five women were not afraid of death among those animals.

2. Duo ex fīliīs ā portā per agrōs cum patre suō herī currēbant et in aquam cecidērunt.

Two of the sons were running from the gate through the fields with their father yesterday and they fell into the water.

3. Primus rēx dīvitiās in mare iēcit, nam magnam īram et vim turbae timuit.

The first king threw the riches into the sea, for he feared the great anger and force of the mob.

4. Nēmō eandem partem Asiae ūnō annō vincet.

No one will conquer the same part of Asia in one year.

5. Rōmānī quattuor ex eīs urbibus prīmā viā iūnxērunt.

The Romans joined with the four of the cities on the first road.

因為quattour沒有declension，所以要判斷出他其實是accusative case需要靠分析出iunxerrunt不會是接ex eis urbibus也不會接ablative case的prima via

6. Itaque mīlia librōrum eius ab urbe trāns Italiam mīsistis.

Therefore, you (pl.) sent his thousands of books from the city across Italy.

7. Lībertātem et iūra hārum urbium artibus bellī cōnservāvimus.

We preserved the liberty and rights of these cities by the arts of war.

8. Dī Graecī sē inter hominēs cum virtūte saepe nōn gerēbant.

The Greek gods often did not conduct themselves with virtue among men.

9. Cicerō mīlia Rōmānōrum vī sententiārum suārum dūcēbat.

Cicero were leading thousands of Romans by the power of his own thoughts.

10. Sententiae medicī eum cārum mihi numquam fēcērunt.

The opinions of the docter never made him dear to me.

11. The tyrant used to entrust his life to those three friends.

Tyrannus vitam suam tribus amicis illis committebat.

12. The greedy man never has enough wealth.

Avarus numquam satis habet divitiarum.

13. At that time we saved their mother with those six letters.

Eo tempore matrem eorum illis sex epistulae servavimus.

14. Through their friends they conquered the citizens of the ten cities.

Decem urbium cives amicis vicerunt.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Diū in istā nāve et propter tempestātem nūbēsque semper mortem exspectābam. (Terence. –nāvis, nāvis, f, ship)

I have been on that ship for a long time and because of the storm and clouds, I was always expecting the death.

2. Septem hōrīs ad eam urbem vēnimus. (Cicero.)

We came to that city in seven hours.

3. Italia illīs temporibus erat plēna Graecārum artium, et multī Rōmānī ipsī hās artēs colēbant. (Cicerō. –artēs, in the sense of studies, e.g., literature and philosophy–colō, -ere, to cultivate, pursuit)

Italy was full of the Greek arts in those times, and many Romans themselves were pursuiting these arts.

4. Inter bellum et pācem dubitābant. (Tacitus. –dubitāre, to hasitate, waver)

They kept hesitating between war and peace.

5. Eō tempore istum ex urbe ēiciēbam. (Cicero.)

At that time, I was driving that man out of the city.

6. Dīcēbat quisque miser: “Cīvis Rōmānus sum.” (Cicero.)

Each wretched man kept saying: “I am a Roman citizen.”

7. Mea puella passerem suum amābat, et passer ad eam sōlam semper pīpiābat nec sē ex gremiō movēbat. (Catullus. –passer, -seris, m, sparrow–pīpiāre, to chirp–gremium, -iī, n, lap–movēre, to move)

My girl used to love her sparrow, and the sparrow used to chirp only to her and it did not move away from her lap.

8. Fīliī meī frātrem meum dīligēbant, mē vītābant; mē patrem acerbum appellābant et meam mortem exspectābant. Nunc autem mōrēs meōs mūtāvī et duōs fīliōs ad mē crās traham. (Terence.)

My sons used to love my brother, they shunned me; they used to call me a bitter father and await my death. However, I have changed my behavior now and tomorrow I shall drag my two sons (back) to me.

9. Dionysius tyrannus, quoniam tōnsōrī caput committere timēbat, fīliās suās barbam et capillum tondēre docuit; itaque virginēs tondēbant barbam et capillum patris. (Cicero.–tōnsor, -sōris, m,  barber–barba, -ae, f,  beard–capillus, -ī, m,  hair–tondēre, to shave)

Since he used to fear to entrust his head to a barber, the tyrant Dionysius taught his own daughters to cut his beard and hair; therefore the maidens used to cut their father’s beard and hair.