Teach yourself Latin XII

CAPVT XII

本課介紹perfect active系統。在先前我們知道動詞在字典上會出現第一人稱單數型以及不定動詞型，那剩下兩個呢？剩下兩個就是本課要介紹的perfect active indicative以及perfect passive participle的第一人稱單數型。

以laudare為例：

Present active indicative: laudo, I praise

Present active infinitive: laudare, to praise

Perfect active indicative: laudavi, I praised, have praised

Perfect passive participle: laudatum, praised, having been praised

再看看下面幾個例子

moneo	monere	monui, I advised	monitum, (having been) advised
ago	agere	egi, I led	actum, (having been) led
capio	capere	cepi, I took	captum, (having been) taken
audio	audire	audivi, I heard	auditum, (having been) heard
sum	esse	fui, I was	futurum, about to be
possum	posse	potui

上面所看到的都是第一人稱單數時的狀況，在不同的人稱底下，變化一樣依據其根來變化，比方說laudav-, monu-, eg-, cep-, audiv-, fu-, potu-。

Perfect active indicative

I praised, have praised	I led, have led	I was, have been	Endings
Laudavi Laudavisti Laudavit Laudavimus Laudavistis Laudaverunt	Egi Egisti Egit Egimus Egistis Egerunt	Fui Fuisti Fuit Fuimus Fuistis Fuerunt	-i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt, -ere

Pluperfect active indicative (double past tense) & Future perfect active indicative

如果提及兩件過去的事情，其中一件事情發生在另一件事情之前，則該事件的時態即為pluperfect active indicative。若提及一件事情在未來將會被完成，則可以用Future perfect active indicative。

Pluperfect active indicative (stem+imperfect)		Future perfect active indicative (stem+future)
I had praised	I had been	I will have praised	I will have been
Laudaveram Laudaveras Laudaverat Laudaveramus Laudaveratis Laudaverant	Fueram Fueras Fuerat Fueramus Fueratis Fuerant	Laudavero Laudaverist Laudaverit Laudaverimus Laudaveritis Laudaverint	Fuero Fuerist Fuerit Fuerimus Fueritis Fuerint

這邊的時態變化可以用下面的例子來了解：

Pluperfect

I had studied this and so I understood it.

　↑pluperfect(A)　　　　↑past(B)

Perfect

I have studied this and so I understand it.

　↑perfect(B)　　　　　　↑present(C)

Future perfect

I will have studied (by tomorrow) and so I will understand it.

　↑future perfect(B)　　　　　　　　　　↑future(E)

我們可以用下面的時間線更深入地了解上述狀況：

A(更過去)　　B(過去)　　C(現在)　 D(未來)　E(更未來)

  ß------Pluperfect------à 　　　　　　

　　　　　　　ß------Perfect-------à

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　      ß---Future Perfect---à　

Synopsis

	Pres.	Fut.	Imperfecf.	Perf.	Fut. Perf.	Pluperf.
Lat.	agit	aget	agebat	egit	egerit	Egerat
Eng.	He drives	He will drive	He was driving	He has driven	He will have driven	He had driven

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Adulescens, adulescentis	M,F		Young man or woman
Annus, anni	M		Year
Asia, asiae	F		Asia (asia minor)
Caesar, caesaris	M		Caesar
Mater, matris	F		Mother
Medicus, medici Medica, medicae	M F		Doctor, physician
Pater, patris	M		Father
Patientia, patientiae	F		Suffering; patience,endurance
Principium, principi	N		Beginning
ADJECTIVE
Acerbus, acerba, acerum		Harsh, bitter, grievous
OTHER
Pro	prep	+abl, in front of, on behalf of, for the sake of, in return for, instead of, for, as
Diu	adv	Long, for a long time
Nuper	adv	Recently
VERB
Amitto. Amittere, amisi, amissum		To send away; lose, let go
Cado, cadere, cecidi, casurum		To fall
Creo, creare. Creavi, creatum		To creat

EXERCITATIONES

That friendly queen did not remain there a long time.

Illa amica regina ibi diu non remansit.

Our mothers had not understood the nature of that place.

Nostrae matres naturam illius locorum non intellexerant.

However, we had found no fault in the head of our country.

Non culpam in capite nostrae patriae inveneramus.

They kept sending her to him with me.

Eam ei cum me amittebant.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUA

1. In prīncipiō Deus creāvit caelum et terram; et Deus creāvit hominem. (Genesis)

In the beginning, God created the sky and the land; and God created human.

2. In triumphō Caesar praetulit hunc titulum: “Vēnī, vīdī, vīcī.” (Suetonius. — triumphus, –ī, m., triumphal procession–praeferō, -ferre, -tulī, -lātum, to display— titulus, -ī, m., placard)

In the triumph, Caesar displayed this placard: “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

3. Vīxit, dum vīxit, bene. (*Terence)

When he lived, he lived will.

4. Adulēscēns vult diū vīvere; senex diū vīxit. (Cicero. — vult, irg., wishes— senex senis, m, old man)

A young man wishes to live long; an old man has lived long.

5. Nōn ille diū vīxit, sed diū fuit. (*Seneca.)

That man did not live for a long time, but he has been for a long time.

6. Hui, dīxistī pulchrē. (*Terence. — hui, “whee!”– pulchrē, adv, from pulcher.)

Hurray, you(sg.) spoke beautifully!

7. Sophoclēs ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit. (*Cicero. — Sophoclēs, -clis– summus, -a, -um, extreme — tragoedia, -ae, tragedy)

Sophocles made tragedies to extreme old age.

8. Illī nōn sōlum pecūniam sed etiam vītam prō patriā prōfūdērunt. (Cicero. — prōfundō, -ere, -fūdī, -fūsum, to pour forth)

They poured forth not only money but also their life for the fatherland.

9. Rēgēs Rōmam ā prīncipiō habuērunt; lībertātem Lūcius Brūtus Rōmānīs dedit. (Tacitus. — ā+abl. from. )

Kings held Rome from the beginning; Lucius Brutus gave freedom to the Romans.

10. Sub Caesare autem lībertātem perdidimus. (Laberius. — perdō, -ere, -didī, -ditum, to destroy, lose.)

However, we lost our freedom under Caesar.

11. Quandō lībertās ceciderit, nēmō līberē dīcere audēbit. (Publilius Syrus.)

When liberty will have fallen, no one will dare to speak freely.

THE DEATH OF FUNDANUS’ DAUGHTER

(Pliny, Epistulae 5.16; see L.I. 40. — XIII annōs 十三年來。acc表時間延續。Minicius Fundanus 在107年擔任執政官；他女兒的骨灰和下面的墓誌銘發現於羅馬近郊的家族墓地：D[īs] M[ānibus] Miniciae Marcellae Fundānī f[īliae]; v[īxit] a[nnōs] XII m[ēnsēs] XI d[iēs] VII. – the dī manes to whom the epitaph is dedicated were the spirit of the dead, who protected the deceased.– menses, 月—diēs 日)

Salvē, Marcellīne! Haec tibi scrībō dē Fundānō, amīcō nostrō; is fīliam cāram et bellam āmīsit.

Greeting, Marcelline! I write this to you about Fundano, our friend; he sent away his dear and beautiful daughter.

Illa puella nōn XIII annōs vīxerat, sed nātūra eī multam sapientiam dederat.

This girl did not live 13 years, but the nature had given her much wisdom.

Mātrem patremque, frātrem sorōremque, nōs et aliōs amīcōs, magistrōs magistrāsque semper amābat, et nōs eam amābāmus laudābāmusque.

She used to always love her mather and father, brother and sister, us and the other friends, teahers and female teachers, and we used to love her and praise her.

Medicī eam adiuvāre nōn poterant.

Doctors were not able to help her.

Quoniam illa autem magnōs animōs habuit, morbum nimis malum cum patientiā tolerāvit.

Since that girl, however, had great courage, she tolerate excessive vicious disease with patient.

Nunc, mī amīce, mitte Fundānō nostrō litterās dē fortūnā acerbā fīliae eius. Valē.

Now, my friend, send our Fundane a letter about the grievous fortune of his daughter. Good bye.

DIAULUS STILL BURIES HIS CLIENTS

(*Martial 1.47; meter: elegiac couplet. — vespillō, -lōnis, m, undertaker– quod, what –et = etiam, even)

這則短詩非常有趣，在諷刺Diaulus作為一個醫生，做的事情卻跟殯葬業者沒有兩樣。

Nūper erat medicus, nunc est vespillō Diaulus.

Recently he was a doctor, now Diaulus is an undertaker.

Quod vespillō facit, fēcerat et medicus.

What the undertaker does, even the doctor had done.