Teach Yourself Latin

CAPVT XX

Fourth declension

本章內容簡易，就是介紹第四變化名詞以及ablative case作為從哪地來、與某物遠離之意的例子。

第四變化規則如下：

Fructus, m., fruit		Cornu, n., horn
Fructus Fructus Fructui Fructum Fructu	-us -us -ui -um -u	Cornu Cornus Cornu Cornu Cornu	-u -us -u -u -u
Fructus Fructuum Fructuibus Fructus Fructuibus	-us -uum -ibus -us -ibus	Cornua Cornuum Cornibus Cornua Cornibus	-ua -uum -ibus -ua -ibus

Ablative of place from which在之前就已經看過，這樣的用法通常會搭配介係詞如ab, de, ex，如：

Graeci a patria sua ad Italiam navigaverunt.

The Greeks sailed from their own land to Italy.

Flumen ad montibus in mare fluxit.

The river flowed from montains into the sea.

Multi ex agris in urbem venient.

Many men come from fields into the city.

Cicero hostes ab urbe misit.

Cicero sent the enemy away from the city.

而ablative of separation則表示有某人或是某物與某物分開、隔開(someone or something is separate from another)，這個用法並非表示透過動作、運動從某地到另一處，而且通常不會有介係詞。尤其是在to free, to lack, to deprive這些意義時。如：

Cicero hostes ab urbe prohibuit.

Cicero kept the enemy away from the city.

Eos timore liberavit

He freed them from fear.

Agricolae pecunia saepe carebant.

Farmers were often lacking money.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Coniurati, coniuratorum	m	Pl. conspirators
Cornu, cornus	n	Horn
Fructus, fructus	m	Fruit; profit, benefit, enjoyment
Genu, genus	n	Knee
Manus, manus	f	Hand; handwriting; band
Metus, metus	m	Fear, dread, anxiety
Mons, montis	m	Mountain
Senatus, senatus	m	Senate
Sensus, sensus	m	Feeling, sense
Servitus, servitutis	f	Servitude, slavery
Spiritus, spiritus	m	Breathing; spirit, soul
Versus, versus	m	Line of verse
ADJECTIVE
Communis, communis, commune		Common, general, of/for the community
Dexter, dextra, dextrum		Right, right-hand
Sinister, sinistra, sinistrum		Left, left-hand; harmful, ill-omened
VERB
Careo, carere, carui, cariturum		+abl, of separation, to be without, to deprived of, want, lack; be free from
Defend, defedere, defendi, defesum		To ward off; defend, protect
Discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum		To go away, depart
Odi, odisse, osum		A DEFECTIVE VERB, force, to hate
Prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum		To keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit
Pronuntio, pronuntiare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum		To proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce

EXERCITATIONES

1. Etiam senēs frūctibus sapientiae et cōnsiliīs argūmentīsque certīs saepe carērer videntur.

Even old men often seem to lack the fruits of wisdom, plans and certain proof(s).

2. Aut ingentē montēs aut flūmina celeria quae dē montibus fluēbant hostēs ab urbe prohibēbant.

 Either the huge mountains or swift rivers that were flowing down from the mountains were keeping the enemy away from the city.

3. Quoniam nimis fortia facta faciēbat, aetās eius erat brevis.

Since he was doing deeds too brave, his life was short.

4. Illa medica facere poterat multa manū dextrā sed sinistrā manū pauca.

That (female) doctor was able to accomplish many things with her right hand, but few with left hand.

5. At vēritās nōs metū gravī iam līberābit quō diū territī sumus.

But, the truth will soon free us from the grim dread by which we have been frightened for a long time.

6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrōrum illae duae cīvītātēs dēlētae erunt?

By what types of harmful crimes will have been destroyed by those two states?

7. Quī mortālis sine amīcitiā et probitāte et beneficiō in aliōs potest esse beātus?

What mortal can be happy without friendship, probity, and kindness into others?

8. Pater pecūniam ex Graeciā in suam patriam movēre coeperat, nam familia discēdere cupīvit.

The father had begun to move money out of Greece into his own country, for his family wanted to go away.

9. Ā quibus studium difficilium atrium eō tempore neglēctum est?

By whom was the study of the difficult arts neglected at that time?

10. Ubi versūs illīus auctōris clārī lēctī sunt, audītōrēs delectātī sunt.

When that famous author’s verses were read, the audience were delighted.

11. Sē cito iēcērunt ad genua iūdicum, quī autem nūllam clēmentiam dēmōnstrāvērunt.

They quickly threw themselves to the judges’ knees, who however showed no mercy.

12. Istī coniurātī ab urbe prohibērī nōn possunt.

Those despicable conspirators of yours cannot be held bake from the city.

13. We cannot have the fruits of peace, unless we ourselves free our families from heavy dread.

Non possumus fructus pacis habere, nisi ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.

13. Those bands of unfortunate men and women will come to us from other countries in which they are deprived of the benefits of citizenship.

Illae manus virorum feminarumque infortunatarum ab aliis patriis ad nos venient in quibus fructibus civitatis carent.

14. The old men lacked neither games nor serious pursuits.

Nec ludis nec studiis gravibus senes carebant.

15. Who began to perceive our common fears of serious crime?

Quis nostros timores communes sceleris gravis sentire coepit?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Cornua cervum ā perīculīs dēfendunt. (Martial. –cervus, -ī, m., stag)

Horns defend a stag from dangers.

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit. (Cicero. –prīvāre, to deprive)

Oedipus deprived himself of (his own) two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero. –Persicus, -a, -um, Persian)

Themistocles, In the Persian war, freed Greece from slavery.

4. Dēmosthenēs multōs versūs ūnō spīritū prōnūntiābat. (Cicero.)

Demosthenes used to recite many verses in one breath.

5. Persicōs apparātūs ōdī. (Horace. –apparatus, -ūs, m., equipment, display)

I hate Persian equipment (pl. acc.).

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

That man lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero. –longē : adv., of longus –absum, to be away)

Old age deprives us of all pleasures and is not far from death.

8. Nūllus accūsātor caret culpā; omnēs peccāvimus. (Seneca. –accusator, -tōris, m. accuser –peccāre, to sin)

No accuser lacks fault; we all have sinned.

9. Nūlla pars vītae vacāre officiō potest. (Cicero. –vacāre, to be free from)

No part of life can be free from duty.

10. Prīma virtūs est vitiō carēre. (Quintilian.)

The primary virtue is to free from vice.

11. Vir scelere vacuus nōn eget iaculīs neque arcū. (Horace. –vacuus, -a, -um, free from –egēre, to need –iaculum, -ī, n., javelin –arcus, -ūs, m., bow)

A man free from crime does not need javelins, nor a bow.

Egeo, egēre, egui+abl., or gen.,  need, lack, want

12. Magnī tumultūs urbem eō tempore miscēbant. (Cicero. –tumultus, -ūs, m., tumult)

Great tumults were stirring up the city at that time.

13. Litterae senātuī populōque allobrogum manibus coniūrātōrum ipsōrum erant scrīptae. (Cicero. –Allobrogēs, -gum, m., pl., a Gallic tribe whom the Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against Rome.)

A letter to the senate and people of the Allobroges had been written by the hands of the conspirators themselves.

CICERO URGES CATILINE’S DEPARTURE FROM ROME

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.3ff;  –cōnsultum, -ī, n., deree –vehemēns, gen. vehementis, vehemence –scelerātus, -a, -um, wicked, criminal, defiled -Manlius: was one of Catiline’s principal feoolow conspirators )

Habēmus senātūs consultum contrā tē, Catilīna, vehemēns et grave; ācre iūdicium habēmus, et vīrēs et cōnsilium cīvitās nostra habet.

we have the deree of the senate against you, Catilina, vehemence and serious; we have sharp judgement, our state has both power and plan.

Quid est, Catilīna? Cūr remanēs? O dī immortālēs!

What is is, Catilina? Why you remain? O immortal gods!

Discēde nunc ex hāc urbe cum malā manū scelerātōrum; magnō metū mē līberābis, sī omnēs istōs coniūrātōs tēcum ēdūcēs.

Leave now from this city with the evil bands of crimes: you will free me from great fear, if you lead all those despicable consipirators with you.

Nisi nunc discēdēs, tē cito eiciēmus. Nihil in cīvitāte nostrā tē dēlectāre potest.

Unless now you leave, we will throw you away quickly. Nothing in our state can delight you.

Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum amīcum malum; tē diū dēsīderāvit.

Go, go! Then run to Manlium, that evil friend of yours: he has longed for you for a long time.

Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cīvitātem! Brevī tempore tē omnēsque tuōs, hostēs patriae, vincēmus, et omnēs vōs poenās gravēs semper dabitis.

Begin now; wage a war into the state! In a brief time we will conquer you and all men of yours, the enemy of our fatherland, and all of you will always pay the serious penalty