Teach Yourself Latin XVII

CAPVT XVII

如同英文，拉丁文也有關係代名詞。英文中用who, which, that等，而拉丁文則以qui, quae, quod來連結兩個句子。除了所用的符號不同之外，拉丁文中的關係代名詞也有六種格與三種詞性，隨著代換的名詞在關係子句中的格不同，用來連接關係子句的關係代名詞也要跟著變換。以下為基本的變化表：

	Singular			Plural
	M	F	N	M	F	N
N G D A A	Qui Cuius Cui Quem Quo	Quae Cuius Cui Quam Qua	Quod Cuius Cui Quod Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

比方說：

The woman whom you are praising is wise.

這句話可以拆成

The woman is wise.

You are praising the woman.

很明顯的子句中的the woman是accusative case，因此關係代名詞要用quam。

故整句翻譯為：

Femina quam laudas est sapiens.

其實概念上非常簡單，但由於有格的問題，要多練習才能馬上反應出應該用哪個Q。

下面是課文中的例子：

Diligo puellam quae ex Italia venit.

此句可以拆成：

Diligo puellam.

Puella ex Italia vēnit.

所以翻譯起來就是：I admire the girl who came from Italy.

Homo de quo dicebas est amicus carus.

Homo est amicus carus.

De hominem dicebas.

The man about whom you used to talk is a dear friend.

Puella cui librum dat est fortunata.

Puella est fortunata.

Puellae librum dat.

The girl to whmo he is giving a book is fortunate.

Puer cuius patrem iuvabamus est fortis.

Puer est fortis.

Patrem pueri iuvabamus.

The boy whose father we used to help is brave.

Vitam meam committam eis viris quorum virtutes laudabas.

Vitam meam committam eis viris.

Virtutes virorum laudabas.

I will entrust my life to those men whose virtues you used to praise.

Timeo idem periculum quod timetis.

Timeo idem periculum.

Periculum timetis.

I fear the same danger which you (pl.) fear.

分析有關係子句的句子時，務必要記得從關係代名詞開始到第一個看到的動詞為止，就是整個關係子句。拉丁文中的關係子句會放在一起形成一個小單位，並不會隨意亂調換，所以在不熟練時，可以畫小括號把子句括起來，以免混淆，如第三句中的cui…dat即為一個子句單位。因此翻譯時把握這個原則，就不會將主句的動詞翻進子句，或是子句中的翻進主句。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Libellous, libelli	m	Little book
Qui, quae, quod		Who, which, what
ADJECTIVE
Caecus, caeca, caecum		Blind
Levis, levis, leve		Light; easy; slight, trivial
OTHER
aut		Or; aut…aut…either…or
cito		quickly
quoque		Too, as well
VERB
Admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum		To admit, recevice, let in
Coepi, coepisse, coeptum		began
Cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum		To desire, wish, long for
Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum		To destroy, wipe out, erase
Desidero, desiderare, desideravi, desideratum		to desire, long for, miss
Incipio, incepere, incepi,  inceptum		To begin
Navigo, navigare, navigavi, navicatum		To sail, navigate
Neglego, neglegere, neglexi, neglectum		To neglect, disregard
Recito, recitare, recitavi, recitatum		To read aloud, recite

EXERCITATIONES

1. Potēns quoque est vīs atrium, quae nōs semper alunt.

Mighty, also, is the power of the arts which always nourish us.

2. Miserōs hominēs, autem, sēcum iungere coeperant.

However, they had begun to join themselves with the wretched men.

Miserōs為acc.

3. Nam illā aetāte pars populī in Italiā iūra cīvium numquam tenuit.

For in that time, a part of people in Italy never held the rights of the citizens.

4. Incipimus vēritātem intellegere, quae mentēs nostrās semper regere dēbet et sine quā valēre nōn possumus.

We are beginning to understand the truth, which should always direct our minds and without which, we are unable to be strong.

5. Quam difficile est bona aut dulcia ex bellō trahere!

How difficult it is to derive good or pleasant things from war!

6. Centum ex virīs mortem diū timēbant et nihil clēmentiae exspectābant.

A hundred of the men used to fear death for a long time and they were expecting nothing of mercy.

7. Puer mātrem timēbat, quae eum saepe neglegēbat.

The boy used to fear his mother who often used to neglect him.

8. Inter omnia perīcula illa fēmina sē cum sapientiā gessit.

Among all the dangers, that woman composed herself with wisdom.

9. Itaque celer rūmor ācris mortis per ingentēs urbēs cucurrit.

And so, the swift rumor of the harsh death ran through giant cities.

10. Quoniam memoria factōrum nostrōrum dulcis est, beātī nunc sumus et senectūtem facilem agēmus.

Since the memory of our deeds is pleasant, we are now happy and will live old age happy.

11. Multī audītōrēs saturās ācrēs timēbant quās poēta recitābat.

Much audience used to fear the harsh satires which the poet was reciting.

12. They feared the powerful men whose city they were ruling by force.

Potentes viros quorum urbem vi regebant timebant.

13. We began to help those three pleasant women to whom we had given our friendship.

Illas tres feminas iucundas quibus amicitiam nostram dederamus iuvare coepimus.

14. We fear that book with which he is beginning to destroy our liberty.

Illum librum quocum nostram libertatem delere incipit timemus.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Salvē, bone amīce, cui fīlium meum herī commīsī. (Terence.)

Hello, good friend, to whom I entrusted my son yesterday.

2. Dionysius, dē quō ante dīxī, ā Graeciā ad Siciliam per tempestātem nāvigābat. (Cicero. — Sicilia, -ae, Sicily)

Dionysius, of whom I spoke before, sailed through a storm from Greece to Sicily.

3. Multī cīvēs aut ea perīcula quae imminent nōn vident aut ea quae vident neglegunt. (Cicero. –imminēre, to impend, threaten)

Many citizens either do not see the dangers that impend or disregard those that they see.

Aut…aut…句型帶出對仗

4. Bis dat quī cito dat. (Publilius Syrus. –bis, adv., twice)

He who gives quickly gives twice.

5. Quī coepit, dīmidium factī habet. Incipe! (Horace. –dīmidium, -iī, n., half)

He who began has the half of the deed. Begin!

6. Levis est fortuna: id cito repōscit quod dedit. (Publilius Syrus. –repōscō, -ere, to demand back)

Fortune is trivial: it demands quickly back what it has given.

7. Fortūna eum stultum facit quem nimium amat. (Publilius Syrus.)

Fortune makes him stupid whom she loves too much.

8. Nōn sōlum fortūna ipsa est caeca sed etiam eōs caecōs facit quōs semper adiuvat. (Cicero.)

Not only is fortune blind, but it also makes those men whom it always helps blind.

9. Bis vincit quī sē vincit in victōriā. (*Publilius Syrus.)

He who conquers himself in victory conquers twice.

10. Simulātiō dēlet vēritātem, sine quā nōmen amīcitiae valēre nōn potest. (Cicero. –simulatio, -ōnis, f., pretense, insincerity)

Pretense destroys truth; without which, the name of “friendship” cannot have power.

11. Virtūtem enim illīus virī amāvī, quae cum corpore nōn periit. (Cicero. –pereō –īre, –iī, -itum, to perish)

I truly loved the virtue of that man, which did not perish with his body.

12. Turbam vītā. Cum hīs vīve quī tē meliōrem facere possunt; illōs admittē quōs tū potes facere meliōrēs. (Seneca. –melior, better)

Avoid the crowd. Live with these men who can make you better; let in those whom you can make better.

ON THE PLEASURES OF LOVE IN OLD AGE

Cicero. Dē Senectūte 14.47. –minor, less. –carēre, to lack, want

Estne amor in senectūte?

Is there love in the old age?

Voluptās, enim minor est, sed minor quoque est cupiditās.

Pleasure, truly, is less, but desire is also less.

Nihil autem est cūra nōbīs, sī nōn cupimus, et nōn caret is quī nōn dēsīderat.

Nothing however is dear by us, if we do not want, and he who does not desire does not lack..

Adulēscentēs nimis dēsīderant; senēs satis amōris saepe habent et multum sapientiae.

Young men are longing for to much; old man often have enough love and many wisdom.

Cōgitō, igitur, hoc tempus vītae esse iūcundum.

I think, therefore, this time of life is pleasant.

IT’S ALL IN THE DELIVERY

Martial, 1.38; meter: elegiac couplet. –libellous, the delayed antecedent of quem; in prose order might be: libellus quem recitās est meus. –male, adv., of malus.–cum, conj., when

Quem recitās meus est, ō Fīdentīne, libellus;

sed male cum recitās, incipit esse tuus!

What you recite, O Fidentinus, is my little book;

but when you recite it badly, it begins to be yours!