Teach yourself Latin XVIII

CAPVT

 XVIII

本章介紹動詞第一第二變化的被動式。在拉丁文中，要表達被動式只要將現在主動式的-o/-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt換成-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur即可。在imperfect indicative以及future indicative上也相去不遠，皆為插入ba, bi來表示，唯future indicative passive的第一人稱、第二人稱單數有些微差異。

見下表：

I am (being) praised	I was (being), used to be praised	I will be praised	Ending
Laudor Laudaris Laudatur Laudamur Laudamini Laudantur	Laudabar Laudabaris Laudabatur Laudabamur Laudabamini Laudabantur	Laudabor Laudaberis Laudabitur Laudabimur Laudabimini Laudabuntur	-r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur

Present Passive Infinitive的表達方式則是將active的-e結尾換作是-i，如:

Laudare, laudari

Monere, moneri

以下為幾個例子：

Caesarem admonet.

He warns Caesar

Caesar admonetur.

Caesar is (being) warned.

很直覺簡單，只是要多練習，看到被動式的結尾要馬上反應。

Ablative of personal agent

在先前曾經有介紹過ablative case可以做為by means of 的意思來使用，而在被動式時，很自然的會想要強調是by whom the action is done! 當然，這個by whom還是由我們的Ablative case來說明囉。

不過拉丁文在此區分了是行為者(agent)去做這樣的行為還是非行為者去做，好比說某個事件影響了某個結果跟某個行為者去導致某個結果，這兩者是有差異的。若為行為者導致某個結果，則要在其前方多加a或是ab；若為非行為者，則直接用ablative case即可。

以下為幾個例子：

Caesar a dis admonetur.

Caesar is warned by gods.

Urbs ab malis delebatur.

The city is destroyed by the evil men.

Urbs flammis delebatur.

The city is destroyed by the fire.

因為flamma是事物，而不是行為者，故在abl. Case前不加ab

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Flumen, fluminis	n	river
Genus, generis	n	Origin, kind, type, sort, class
Hostis, hostis	m	An enemy; hostes, hostium, the enemy
Ludus, ludi	m	Game, sport; school
Probitas, probitatis	f	Uprightness, honesty
Scientia, scientiae	f	Knowledge
ADJECTIVE
Clarus, clara, clarum		Clear, bright; renowned, famous, illustrious
Mortalis, mortalis, mortale		Mortal
OTHER
Cur		Why
Deinde		Thereupon, next, then
VERB
Fluo, fluere, fluxi, fluxum		To flow
Lego, legere, legi, lectum		To pick out, choose; read
Misceo, miscēre, miscue, mixtum		To mix, stir up, disturb
Moveo, movēre, movi, motum		To move; arouse, affect
Videor, videri, visus sum		Passive of vedio, To be seen, seem, appear

EXERCITATIONES

1. Multī morte etiam facilī nimis terrentur.

Many men are terrified too much even by an easy death.

2. Beāta memoria amīcitiārum dulcium numquam dēlēbitur.

The happy memory of sweet friendships will never be destroyed.

3. Illa fēmina caeca omnia genera atrium quoque intellēxit et ab amīcīs iucundīs semper laudābātur.

That blind woman also understood all types of the arts and was always praised by her pleasant friends.

4. Pater senex vester, ā quō saepe iuvābāmur, multa dē celeribus perīculīs ingentis maris herī dīcere coepit.

Your old father, by whom we used to be helped often, began to say many things about the swift dangers of the vast sea yesterday.

5. Mentēs nostrae memoriā potentī illōrum duōrum factōrum cito moventur.

Our minds are moved quickly by the strong memory of those two deeds.

6. Cōnsilia rēgīnae illō tertiō bellō longō et difficilī dēlēbantur.

The queen’s plans were destroyed by that third long and difficult war.

7. Itaque māter mortem quartī fīliī exspectābat, quī nōn valēbat et cuius aetās erat brevis.

And so, the mother was expecting her fourth son’s death, who was not well and whose life was short.

8. Bella difficilia sine cōnsiliō et clēmentiā numquam gerēbāmus.

We never waged difficult wars without plan and mercy.

9. Tē cum novem ex aliīs miserīs ad Caesarem crās trahent.

Tomorrow, they will drag you with nine of the other wretches to Caesar.

10. Rēgem ācrem, quī official neglēxerat, ex urbe suā ēiēcērunt.

They threw out the harsh king from their city, who had neglected his duties.

11. Ille poēta in tertiō libellō saturārum scrīpsit dē hominibus avārīs quī ad centum terrās aliās nāvigāre cupiunt quod pecūniam nimis dēsīderant.

The poet wrote in the third book of satires about greedy men who want to sail to a hundred other lands because they desire money too much.

12. Mercy will be given by them even to the citizens of other cities.

Et civibus aliarum urbium clementia ab eis dabitur.

13. Many are moved too often by money but not by truth.

Multi nimis saepe pecunia sed non veritate moventur.

14. The state will be destroyed by the powerful king, whom they are beginning to fear.

Civitas a rege potenti, quem timere incipiunt delebitur.

15. Those ten women were not frightened by plans of that trivial sort.

Illae decem feminae consiliis illius generis levis non terrebantur.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Possunt quia posse videntur. (Virgil. –quia, conj., because)

They can because they seem to be able.

2. Etiam fortēs virī subitīs perīculīs saepe terrentur. (Tacitus. –subitus, -a, -um, sudden)

Even brave men are often frightened by sudden dangers.

3. Tua cōnsilia sunt clāra nōbīs; tenēris scientiā hōrum cīvium omnium. (Cicero.)

Your plans are clear to us; you are restrained by the knowledge of all of these citizens.

4. Malum est cōnsilium quod mūtārī nōn potest. (Publilius Syrus.)

Bad is the plan that cannot be changed.

5. Fās est ab hoste docērī. (Ovid. –fās est, it is right.)

It is right to be taught by an enemy.

6. Eō tempore erant circēnsēs lūdī, quō genere levī spectāculī numquam teneor. (Pliny. –circēnsēs lūdī, contest in the circus ;quo genere = a kind by which, as here with genere, the antecedent is often attracted into the rel. clause. –spectāculum, –ī, n., sence, spectacle)

At that time there were the circus games, by which trivial type of spectacle I am never held.

7. Haec est nunc vīta mea: admittō et salūtō bonōs virōs quī ad mē veniunt; deinde aut scrībō aut legō; post haec omne tempus corporī datur. (Cicero. –salutāre, to greet)

This is now my life: I receive and greet good men who come to me; then I either write or read; after these things, all the time is given to the body.

8. Nihil igitur mors est, quoniam nātūra animī habētur mortālis. (Lucretius.)

Therefore death is nothing, since the nature of the spirit is regarded mortal.

9. Amor miscērī cum timōre nōn potest. (*Publilius Syrus.)

Love cannot be mixed with fear.

10. Numquam enim temeritās cum sapientiā commiscētur. (*Cicero. –temeritās, –tātis, f, rushness)

Truly, rushness is never mixed together with wisdom.

11. Dīligēmus eum quī pecūniā nōn movētur. (Cicero.)

We esteem he/she who is not moved by money.

12. Laudātur ab hīs; culpātur ab illīs. (*Horace.)

He is praised by these men; blamed by those.

13. Probitās laudātur — et alget. (*Juvenal. –algēre, to be cold, be neclected)

Probity is praised – then is left in the cold (i.e. neglected).

Algēre雖為主動型態，但其在英文中的意義是被動型，翻譯時要注意。

ON DEATH AND METAMORPHOSIS

Ovid, Metamorphoses

O genus humānum, quod mortem nimium timet!

O, human kind, who fears death too much!

Cūr perīcula mortis timētis?

Whu you fear the danger of death?

Omnia mūtantur, omnia fluunt, nihil ad vēram mortem venit.

All things are changed, all things flow, nothing comes to true death.

Animus errat et in alia corpora miscētur; nec manet, nec eāsdem fōrmās servat, sed in fōrmās novās mūtātur.

The soul goes astray and is mixed into the other body; neither does it remain, nor does it preserve the same forms, but changed into new forms.

Vīta est flūmen; tempora nostra fugiunt et nova sunt semper.

Life is a river; our time (in Latin is pl.) flees and is always new.

Nostra corpora semper mūtantur; id quod fuimus aut sumus, nōn crās erimus.

Our bodies are always being changed; that which we have been or we are, not we will be tomorrow.