Teach Yourself Latin

CAPVT XX

Fourth declension

本章內容簡易，就是介紹第四變化名詞以及ablative case作為從哪地來、與某物遠離之意的例子。

第四變化規則如下：

Fructus, m., fruit		Cornu, n., horn
Fructus Fructus Fructui Fructum Fructu	-us -us -ui -um -u	Cornu Cornus Cornu Cornu Cornu	-u -us -u -u -u
Fructus Fructuum Fructuibus Fructus Fructuibus	-us -uum -ibus -us -ibus	Cornua Cornuum Cornibus Cornua Cornibus	-ua -uum -ibus -ua -ibus

Ablative of place from which在之前就已經看過，這樣的用法通常會搭配介係詞如ab, de, ex，如：

Graeci a patria sua ad Italiam navigaverunt.

The Greeks sailed from their own land to Italy.

Flumen ad montibus in mare fluxit.

The river flowed from montains into the sea.

Multi ex agris in urbem venient.

Many men come from fields into the city.

Cicero hostes ab urbe misit.

Cicero sent the enemy away from the city.

而ablative of separation則表示有某人或是某物與某物分開、隔開(someone or something is separate from another)，這個用法並非表示透過動作、運動從某地到另一處，而且通常不會有介係詞。尤其是在to free, to lack, to deprive這些意義時。如：

Cicero hostes ab urbe prohibuit.

Cicero kept the enemy away from the city.

Eos timore liberavit

He freed them from fear.

Agricolae pecunia saepe carebant.

Farmers were often lacking money.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Coniurati, coniuratorum	m	Pl. conspirators
Cornu, cornus	n	Horn
Fructus, fructus	m	Fruit; profit, benefit, enjoyment
Genu, genus	n	Knee
Manus, manus	f	Hand; handwriting; band
Metus, metus	m	Fear, dread, anxiety
Mons, montis	m	Mountain
Senatus, senatus	m	Senate
Sensus, sensus	m	Feeling, sense
Servitus, servitutis	f	Servitude, slavery
Spiritus, spiritus	m	Breathing; spirit, soul
Versus, versus	m	Line of verse
ADJECTIVE
Communis, communis, commune		Common, general, of/for the community
Dexter, dextra, dextrum		Right, right-hand
Sinister, sinistra, sinistrum		Left, left-hand; harmful, ill-omened
VERB
Careo, carere, carui, cariturum		+abl, of separation, to be without, to deprived of, want, lack; be free from
Defend, defedere, defendi, defesum		To ward off; defend, protect
Discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum		To go away, depart
Odi, odisse, osum		A DEFECTIVE VERB, force, to hate
Prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum		To keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit
Pronuntio, pronuntiare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum		To proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce

EXERCITATIONES

1. Etiam senēs frūctibus sapientiae et cōnsiliīs argūmentīsque certīs saepe carērer videntur.

Even old men often seem to lack the fruits of wisdom, plans and certain proof(s).

2. Aut ingentē montēs aut flūmina celeria quae dē montibus fluēbant hostēs ab urbe prohibēbant.

 Either the huge mountains or swift rivers that were flowing down from the mountains were keeping the enemy away from the city.

3. Quoniam nimis fortia facta faciēbat, aetās eius erat brevis.

Since he was doing deeds too brave, his life was short.

4. Illa medica facere poterat multa manū dextrā sed sinistrā manū pauca.

That (female) doctor was able to accomplish many things with her right hand, but few with left hand.

5. At vēritās nōs metū gravī iam līberābit quō diū territī sumus.

But, the truth will soon free us from the grim dread by which we have been frightened for a long time.

6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrōrum illae duae cīvītātēs dēlētae erunt?

By what types of harmful crimes will have been destroyed by those two states?

7. Quī mortālis sine amīcitiā et probitāte et beneficiō in aliōs potest esse beātus?

What mortal can be happy without friendship, probity, and kindness into others?

8. Pater pecūniam ex Graeciā in suam patriam movēre coeperat, nam familia discēdere cupīvit.

The father had begun to move money out of Greece into his own country, for his family wanted to go away.

9. Ā quibus studium difficilium atrium eō tempore neglēctum est?

By whom was the study of the difficult arts neglected at that time?

10. Ubi versūs illīus auctōris clārī lēctī sunt, audītōrēs delectātī sunt.

When that famous author’s verses were read, the audience were delighted.

11. Sē cito iēcērunt ad genua iūdicum, quī autem nūllam clēmentiam dēmōnstrāvērunt.

They quickly threw themselves to the judges’ knees, who however showed no mercy.

12. Istī coniurātī ab urbe prohibērī nōn possunt.

Those despicable conspirators of yours cannot be held bake from the city.

13. We cannot have the fruits of peace, unless we ourselves free our families from heavy dread.

Non possumus fructus pacis habere, nisi ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.

13. Those bands of unfortunate men and women will come to us from other countries in which they are deprived of the benefits of citizenship.

Illae manus virorum feminarumque infortunatarum ab aliis patriis ad nos venient in quibus fructibus civitatis carent.

14. The old men lacked neither games nor serious pursuits.

Nec ludis nec studiis gravibus senes carebant.

15. Who began to perceive our common fears of serious crime?

Quis nostros timores communes sceleris gravis sentire coepit?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Cornua cervum ā perīculīs dēfendunt. (Martial. –cervus, -ī, m., stag)

Horns defend a stag from dangers.

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit. (Cicero. –prīvāre, to deprive)

Oedipus deprived himself of (his own) two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero. –Persicus, -a, -um, Persian)

Themistocles, In the Persian war, freed Greece from slavery.

4. Dēmosthenēs multōs versūs ūnō spīritū prōnūntiābat. (Cicero.)

Demosthenes used to recite many verses in one breath.

5. Persicōs apparātūs ōdī. (Horace. –apparatus, -ūs, m., equipment, display)

I hate Persian equipment (pl. acc.).

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

That man lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero. –longē : adv., of longus –absum, to be away)

Old age deprives us of all pleasures and is not far from death.

8. Nūllus accūsātor caret culpā; omnēs peccāvimus. (Seneca. –accusator, -tōris, m. accuser –peccāre, to sin)

No accuser lacks fault; we all have sinned.

9. Nūlla pars vītae vacāre officiō potest. (Cicero. –vacāre, to be free from)

No part of life can be free from duty.

10. Prīma virtūs est vitiō carēre. (Quintilian.)

The primary virtue is to free from vice.

11. Vir scelere vacuus nōn eget iaculīs neque arcū. (Horace. –vacuus, -a, -um, free from –egēre, to need –iaculum, -ī, n., javelin –arcus, -ūs, m., bow)

A man free from crime does not need javelins, nor a bow.

Egeo, egēre, egui+abl., or gen.,  need, lack, want

12. Magnī tumultūs urbem eō tempore miscēbant. (Cicero. –tumultus, -ūs, m., tumult)

Great tumults were stirring up the city at that time.

13. Litterae senātuī populōque allobrogum manibus coniūrātōrum ipsōrum erant scrīptae. (Cicero. –Allobrogēs, -gum, m., pl., a Gallic tribe whom the Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against Rome.)

A letter to the senate and people of the Allobroges had been written by the hands of the conspirators themselves.

CICERO URGES CATILINE’S DEPARTURE FROM ROME

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.3ff;  –cōnsultum, -ī, n., deree –vehemēns, gen. vehementis, vehemence –scelerātus, -a, -um, wicked, criminal, defiled -Manlius: was one of Catiline’s principal feoolow conspirators )

Habēmus senātūs consultum contrā tē, Catilīna, vehemēns et grave; ācre iūdicium habēmus, et vīrēs et cōnsilium cīvitās nostra habet.

we have the deree of the senate against you, Catilina, vehemence and serious; we have sharp judgement, our state has both power and plan.

Quid est, Catilīna? Cūr remanēs? O dī immortālēs!

What is is, Catilina? Why you remain? O immortal gods!

Discēde nunc ex hāc urbe cum malā manū scelerātōrum; magnō metū mē līberābis, sī omnēs istōs coniūrātōs tēcum ēdūcēs.

Leave now from this city with the evil bands of crimes: you will free me from great fear, if you lead all those despicable consipirators with you.

Nisi nunc discēdēs, tē cito eiciēmus. Nihil in cīvitāte nostrā tē dēlectāre potest.

Unless now you leave, we will throw you away quickly. Nothing in our state can delight you.

Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum amīcum malum; tē diū dēsīderāvit.

Go, go! Then run to Manlium, that evil friend of yours: he has longed for you for a long time.

Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cīvitātem! Brevī tempore tē omnēsque tuōs, hostēs patriae, vincēmus, et omnēs vōs poenās gravēs semper dabitis.

Begin now; wage a war into the state! In a brief time we will conquer you and all men of yours, the enemy of our fatherland, and all of you will always pay the serious penalty  

Teach yourself Latin XIX

CAPVT XIX

Perfect passive system

上一章介紹過Present passives，那接下來當然是Perfect家族啦！perfect passive其實也非常的簡單，就是將被動詞單字時的第四個部分—perfect passive participle加上sum, ero, eram，組合起來就是perfect indicative passive了。

Perfect Indicative Passive	Future Perfect Indicative Passive	Pluperfect Indicative Passive
I was praised, have been praised	I will have been praised	I had been praised
Laudatus, -a, -um sum Laudatus, -a, -um es Laudatus, -a, -um est Laudati, -ae, -a sumus Laudati, -ae, -a estis Laudati, -ae, -a sunt	Laudatus, -a, -um ero Laudatus, -a, -um eris Laudatus, -a, -um erit Laudati, -ae, -a erimus Laudati, -ae, -a eritis Laudati, -ae, -a erunt	Laudatus, -a, -um eram Laudatus, -a, -um eras Laudatus, -a, -um erat Laudati, -ae, -a eramus Laudati, -ae, -a eratis Laudati, -ae, -a erant

如果發話者是女性，則用laudata sum表示「我(女性)被稱讚過」。

雖然說participle+sum在拉丁文中組合成一個被動動詞單位，但它的本質還是predicative adjective，所以很自然的，participle必須要與其欲修飾的名詞和於詞性、單複數以及格。

本課的第二個重點為Interrogative pronoun

如同英文中的Who? What? Whose?等疑問詞，拉丁文也有這樣的疑問代名詞。拉丁文中的疑問代名詞大致上與關係代名詞相同：

singular			plural
M	F	N	M	F	N
Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quid Quius Cui Quid Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

 不過，在拉丁文中的qui, quae, quod與英文比較起來，是更加詳細的去問到底是哪一個人事物(原文為：qui, quae, quod asks for more specific identification of a person or thing)。比方說：

Quod signum vides?

What sign do you see?

Quae femina consilium habet?

Which woman has a plan?

In qua urbe vivimus?

In what kind of city are we living?

有時，這樣的句法也有驚嘆的意思。有點像what a good boy he is的感覺。比方說quos mores malos isti habent! What terrible morals those men have!

由於關係代名詞跟疑問代名詞在大部分的情況下都長的一樣，所以要如何區變兩者變成了一個問題。除了從文句脈絡來區辨以外，還有下面三種區辦方式：第一、疑問代名詞通常是要問到底是哪個人事物，而且在其之前不會有前加詞(antecedent)，句尾也常出現問號。第二、疑問詞的詞性、單複數、格都會合於其所欲詢問的事物。第三、關係代名詞通常都會引入從屬子句，而且會有前加詞，也沒有要問問題。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Argumentum, argumenti	n	Proof, evidence, argument
Acutor, auctoris	m	Increaser; author, originator
Beneficium, beneficii	n	Benefit, kindness; favour
Familia, familiae	f	Household, family
Graecia, graeciae	f	Greece
iudex, iudicis	m	Judge, juror
Iudicium, iudicii	n	Judgment. Decision, opinion; trial
Scelus, sceleris	n	Evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
Quis? Quid?		Who? Whose? Whom? What? Which?
Qui? Quae? Quod?		What? Which? What kind of?
ADJECTIVE
Certus, certa, certum		Definite, sure, certain, reliable
Gravis, gravis, grave		Heavy, weighty; serious, important; severe, grievous
Immortalis, immortalis, immortale		Immortal
OTHER
at	conj	But; but, mind you; but, you say; (a stronger adversative than sed)
nisi	conj	If…not; unless, except
contra	prep	+acc, against
iam	adv	Now, already, soon
VERB
Delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum		To delight, charm, please
Libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum		To free, liberate
Paro, parare, paravi, paratum		To prepare, provide; get, obtain

EXERCITATIONES

1. Quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit?

Who began to destroy the freedom of them at that time?

2. Cuius lībertās ab istō auctōre deinde dēlēta est?

Whose liberty was then destroyed by that author?

3. Quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit?

What good books did the blind poet recite yesterday?

4. Fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī.

Tomorrow, the women will read the difficult books which you sent.

5. Omnia flūmina in mare fluunt et cum eō miscentur.

All rivers flow into the ocean and are mixed with it.

6. Itaque id genus lūdōrum levium, quod ā multīs familiīs laudābātur, nōs ipsī numquam cupimus.

And so, we ourselves never long for that type of trivial game(s), which used to be praised by many families.

7. Puerī et puellae propter facta bona ā mātribus patribusque laudātae sunt.

The boys and girls have been praised by their mothers and fathers because of good deeds.

8. Cur istī vēritātem timēbant, quā multī adiūtī erant?

Why did those men fear truth, by which many had been helped?

9. Hostis trāns ingēns flūmen in Graeciā deinde nāvigāvit.

An enemy then sailed across a vast river in Greece.

10. Quī vir fortis clārusque, dē quō lēgistī, aetātem brevem mortemque celerem exspectābat?

What brave and famous man, of whom you have read, was waiting for a brief life and swift death?

11. Quae studia gravia tē semper dēlectant, aut quae nunc dēsīderās?

What serious studies always delight you, or which do you now desire?

12. Who saw the six men who had prepared this?

Quid vidit sex qui hoc paraverat?

13. What was neglected by the second student yesterday?

Quid heri a secundo discipulo neglectum est?

14. We were helped by the knowledge which had been neglected by him.

Scientia iuti sumus quae ab eo neglecta erat.

15. Whose plans did the old men of all those cities fear? Which plans did they esteem?

Cuius consilia senes illorum omnium urbium timuerunt? Quae dilexerunt?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quae est nātūra animī? Est mortālis. (Lucretius.)

What is the nature of the soul? It is mortal.

2. Illa argūmenta vīsa sunt et gravia et certa. (Cicero.)

Those proofs seemed both serious and clear.

3. Quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? (Cicero.)

What must we do against those men and their crimes?

4. Quid ego ēgī? In quod perīculum iactus sum? (Terence.)

What have I done? Into what danger have I been thrown?

5. O dī immortālēs! In quā urbe vīvimus? Quam cīvitātem habēmus? (Cicero.)

O immortal gods! In what city do we live? What state do we have? What crimes do we see?

6. Quī sunt bonī cīvēs nisi eī quī officio moventur et beneficia patriae memoriā tenent? (Cicero.)

Who are good citizens if they are not those who are moved by duty and keep gifts of the fatherland in their memory?

7. Alia, quae pecūniā parantur, ab eō stultō parāta sunt; at mōrēs eius vērōs amīcōs parāre nōn potuērunt. (Cicero.)

Other things, which are provided by money, have been provided by that fool; but his character was not able to provide true friends.

THE AGED PLAYWRIGHT SOPHOCLES HOLDS HIS OWN

(Cicero, Dē Senectūte, 7.22. — summam , extreme–tragoedia, -ae, f., tragedy–proximē, adv., shortly before –Oedipum Coloneum, Oedipus at Colonus)

Quam multa senēs in mentibus tenent!

How many things the old hold in mind!

Sī studium grave et labor et probitās in senectūte remanent, saepe manent etiam memoria, scientia, sapientiaque.

If serious study and hard work and probity remain in the old, memory, knowledge and wisdom also often stay.

Sophoclēs, scrīptor ille Graecus, ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit;

Shophocles, that Greek writor, made tragedies to extreme old age.

sed propter hoc studium familiam neglegere vidēbātur et ā fīliīs in iūdicium vocātus est.

but because of this pursuit he seemed to neglect his family and was called into judgement by sons.

Tum auctor eam tragoediam quam sēcum habuit et quam proximē scrīpserat, “Oedipum Colōnēum,” iūdicibus recitāvit.

Then, the author recited to the juders the tragedy which he had with himself and which he had written shortly before, Oedipus at Colonus.

Ubi haec tragoedia recitāta est, senex sententiīs iūdicum est lībertātus.

When this tragedy was recited, the old was free by the opinion of the judgers.

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIA

(*Catullus 8.12, 15-19; meter: choliambic. See L.A.1, below (and cp. the adaptation of this passage in Ch.2). obdūrāre, to be hard, be tough, endure–scelestus, -a, -um wicked, accursed–vae tē, woe to yo–adībit, will visit–dīcēris, will you to be said–bāsiāre, to kiss–cui,here means cuius–labellum, -ī, n,  lip–mordēre, to bite–dēstinātus, -a, -um, resolved, firm)

Valē, puella — iam Catullus obdūrat.

Goodbye, girl –now Catullus is tough.

…

Scelesta, vae tē! Quae tibī manet vīta?

Wicked woman, woe to you! What life remain to you?

Quis nunc tē adībit? Cui vidēberis bella?

What man now will visit you? To whom will you seem pretty?

Quem nunc amābis? Cuius esse dīcēris?

Which man now you will love? Whose will you be said to be?

Quem bāsiābis? Cui labella mordēbis?

Which man will you kiss? whose lips you will bite?

At tū, Catulle, dēstinātus obdūrā.

But you, Catullus, be firm, resolute.

MESSAGE FROM A BOOKCASE

(*Martial 14.37; meter: hendecasyllabic. –sēlectus, -a, -um, select, carefully chosen–tinea, -ae, f., maggot, bookworm–trux, gen., trucis, firce, savage–blatta, -ae, f., cockroach)

Sēlectōs nisi dās mihī libellōs,

admittam tineās trucēsque blattās!

Unless you give me (carefully) chosen books,

I will send bookworms and fierce cockroaches!