女人、婚姻、學術

「學術界沒有妳想像的那麼美好。」

碰上不錯的學界前輩，向他們表明自己有意往學術界發展，希望能在歐美主流學術圈闖出一片天時，他們若非若有所思的微笑，說聲加油，就是歎一口氣，幽幽地說出這句話。


學術圈，真的沒有想像中的美好。大學教授成為precariat不打緊，至少還有工作做，但是現在開出的缺趕不上博士寶寶出生的速度，tenure/tenured-track的缺又是一年比一年少。曾很浪漫的以為這個環境百分之九十是merit-based，自己出了國後才發現這樣的比例需要下修一些，實力很重要沒錯，networking有時扮演的角色更是關鍵。學術圈說穿了，也就是個小江湖，練功扎穩馬步不可少，結交朋友也重要。


如果，學術界跟別的地方都一樣，就是個江湖，那好像也沒有什麼特別值得勸退新進之處。可惜的是，學術界不只是個江湖，還是個小的不行的江湖，小到變成類似於封閉社群的江湖。這樣的狀況，使得學閥不易被撼動，可以透過資源分配，號令天下，也更容易隻手遮天，掩蓋錯誤，好比說將言語霸凌說是熱烈的學術討論、性騷擾話語說是增進情誼的banters。


這樣的環境，對任何人來說都是極為嚴峻的挑戰，對女性來說，尤其如此。雖然這幾十年來，女性投入博士學程進而成為學術圈一分子的人數不斷地往上攀升，但是整體環境對於女性學者的支持，似乎仍較對男性學者要來的少了些。


最近的紐約時報做了一系列五篇文章的特輯，叫做女人在哲學。身為女性，又剛好讀的是哲學，看著看著，心越來越沈。這一系列文章乃是起於一起性騷擾事件，該事件中的男主角Colin McGinn是邁阿密大學哲學系教授，在哲學界聲望非常的高，曾經拿過Oxford的John Locke Prize，而女主角，則是身兼他的研究助理的女研究生。他在與該名女學生通信時，不斷言語性騷擾對方，等到對方不堪其擾，檢舉這些行為時，他竟宣稱那名女學生是語言哲學沒學好，搞不懂他到底是怎麼運用那些文字的。這件事情在哲學界引起軒然大波，當然也登上各大報紙，如紐約時報。


事件發生後，有許多的討論令人發笑（至少令我發笑），讓人深刻的瞭解到哲學界這個學術圈子有多麼的扭曲。而這一系列五篇由女性哲學家執筆的文章，呼應了我的感受，不約而同地透漏出對於學術圈的不滿。好比說，竟然會有男性學者認為改善制度來保護學生會使得「良好的師生關係」產生變質，又或是男性學者長期忽視哲學圈的男女比例嚴重失衡的問題。在英語系國家的哲學學圈，大學教師的性別比約莫是男八女二，若再細分有tenured/adjunct，那數據肯定會更「有趣」。這樣的狀況不需要社會學家來研究我們，一看就知道肯定有些地方出了問題。


坦白說，世道艱難，不管性別為何，只要是想在學術圈討口飯吃，都需要面對殘酷的競爭。博士畢業後不一定找得到博後，博後找到了未必有好的發表，有好的發表也未必有好的tenure-track缺可以爭取......這一連串的「不一定」，勾勒出了當代的學術悲歌。然而對於女性學者來說，除了這層的內憂之外，外患的壓力也不曾少過。


性別不只帶來性騷擾這個問題，某意義上來說性別本身就是著問題。雖然我們不能決定自己的性別以及性取向，就猶如我們無從決定自己的原生家庭一般。作為女性，我們受到騷擾的機會就是比男性多，有的學生被性騷擾，需要花上許多年才能重返校園，重新開始追逐自己的學術夢。作為女性，就算有不錯的研究成果在好期刊上，也有可能被人閒話，說這是睡出來的，或者能刊登是因為自己是panel裡的學者特別喜歡意淫的對象。


作為女性，我們也須承擔社會對女性的善意「期待」，好比說女性應在婚姻中扮演什麼樣的角色。對於想要擁有感情或是走入家庭的女性學者來說，社會價值以及學術遊牧生活，似乎將兼顧事業與感情這件事情變成了不可能。同樣面對以整個地球為尺度的學術遊牧，社會上期待女方願意為了男方而犧牲，放下自己目前所有，跟著男性去追求更好的職位，但是到底有多少人會認為男方放下當前的事業，跟著女方移動，去追求「虛無縹緲」的學術成就呢？我很疑惑。


作為在學術圈的女性，似乎擁有陰道就是一個原罪。

為什麼鄉民反馬挺王？

最近對於2013年台灣大戲馬王之爭的評論很多，其中有一篇文章（為何多數台灣人覺得馬英九做錯了）企圖要解釋為什麼民調顯示台灣鄉親支持王金平遠甚過支持馬英九的。我覺得這篇文章不無道理，只是我自己有一些不同於這篇文章的想法。

我的分析跟這不大一樣。我其實覺得鄉親對於馬王之爭並沒有理盲到一致認為王金平沒有錯，所以為什麼馬英九變成眾矢之的，需要另外的解釋，畢竟濫權監聽跟關說在道德上都不可欲。

我的看法是，大家都知道這兩個行為不好，可是濫權監聽是零與一的差異，有就是有，沒有就是沒有，而關說跟「關心」之間，並不是零與一，而是很模糊的，沒有辦法劃下一個明確的界限說超過哪一條線就是關說而不是關心。哲學家很喜歡用的例子就是禿頭，擁有一頭秀髮跟一顆禿頭，雖然概念上我們很清楚地知道兩者不同，但是要我們說出「少於幾根頭髮就是禿頭」，這樣的要求似乎有點強人所難。

雖然很多台灣鄉親沒有意識到這點，但我認為這就是為什麼大多數人會選擇反馬而非反王。雖然很多人反馬時說的是馬英九做得太超過，但我覺得更根本的原因是馬英九監聽，使人回想起白色恐怖的歷史，不只是深層的情緒被勾起，而且譴責罪證確鑿的行為，表現出「我不只是鄉民，我還有判斷力」而且這個判斷還不可能錯，跟著一起罵，何樂不為？

反觀關說這邊，坦白說除了公佈的譯文跟通連紀錄，這種東西到底是不是作假也都不知道外，更大的問題是「你怎麼知道他不是跟柯話虎爛？」、「你怎麼知道他不是『關心』一下那個案子進行得怎樣而已？」支持反王，比較容易受到這樣的批評，無法滿足一般鄉親當一下正義魔人，熱血沸騰的慾望。如果我的說法有道理，那麼會有那麼多人反馬、挺王，也不是什麼很奇怪的事情啦。

或許有人會繼續問，為什麼很多鄉民會說「哎呀～都有在關說的拉」而不是極力譴責，難道關說就是道德上正確的嗎？我認為台灣的鄉民當然不認為關說道德上正確，台灣的鄉民只是默默地用效益主義的方式思考而不自知而已。濫權監聽跟關說都是道德上不好的，都在效益上是負的，但是對廣大的鄉民來說，這次濫權監聽若是不被追究，難保社會不會變成警察國家，人人自危，這對國家社會、人權危害甚大，關說與之相較，關說也只是柯要不要被罰錢要不要入獄，這種小事情而已，對鄉民來說，雖然一個法治國家不應該有關說，但是有關說現象的國家還可以好好地運轉，還是可以在網路上罷馬嗆綠吱吱，濫權監聽就可怕了，根本不知道什麼時候可以講真話，就算講出自以為人畜無害的話，也不知道別人會怎麼詮釋。雖然沒有經過道德上的效益計算，但憑藉著直覺，許多鄉親痛罵媽宗通，似乎也不是什麼值得大驚小怪的事情。

用Scrivener寫論文

約莫半年以前，正在念博士班的朋友推薦了Scrivener這個寫作程式給我。我一開始並沒有將這個軟體當一回事，因為聽朋友的介紹，我覺得其實這「一個程式」可以做的事情我用Word加上我的便條紙、windows media player、adobe reader、evernote等等的程式可以做到差不多的事情，對於要花錢(將近1200台幣)來達成我用內建的程式就可以做到的事情，我一直提不起勁來認真研究這套寫作程式。

即便是知道Scrivener可以免費試用整整三十天（只有在打開程式時才算是試用！），下載好、安裝完畢後，讀了半個小時以上的使用守則，還是搞不大懂怎麼使用他寫論文，這個程式就一直默默地在我的電腦中沈睡...

事後想想會花那麼多時間讀說明書還讀到一半就放棄，大概是因為Scrivener可以做的事情非常得多，可以拿來當寫劇本的、寫小說的、寫論文的平台，以至於一一學習Scrivener的功能也需要許多時間。這篇文章就是希望可以簡單介紹為什麼Scrivener適合做為論文寫作平台，他的特點以及相關功能可以在內建的說明書中的哪些部分查詢到，不用花一大堆時間逐項研究。我下面的介紹，在介紹功能時，會以括號標示該項功能的詳細介紹在說明書的哪裡可以找到，有興趣的話可以優先詳讀那些項目。

其實網路上對Scrivener的介紹不少，而且通常都是一面倒的好評，中文的介紹有以下兩則：

Scrivener「內容生產器」的入門心法

http://socioblogist-notes.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/scrivener.html

井井有條的寫作及項目管理---Scrivener寫作軟件

http://hk.epochtimes.com/9/10/29/108268.htm

而英文的介紹網站則有像是：

http://everythingscrivener.wordpress.com/

雖然介紹Scrivener的文章甚至是介紹影片都能在網路上找到，但大多數都是以英文介紹，讀的時候要花一點時間。自己研究了一番以後，覺得可以用中文寫一下稍微別於上述兩個中文網頁的小心得與介紹，以供參考。

Scrivener的設計可以說主要區分成兩大功能，第一個當然是寫作，第二是多工。這兩個功能我認為其實很切合學術寫作的需求。

學術寫作跟一般隨筆寫作最大的不同，大概是組織性以及資料量。好的學術作品通常組織嚴密，環環相扣，巧妙的將不同的論點、資料統整進文中討論卻又不會讓人感到過於跳躍或是相互衝突。這樣的作品短則需要一個月完成，長則數十年。要怎麼樣將分析各式資訊、組織自己的論點卻又不會顧此失彼，我想這就是Scrivener發揮功效之處了。

在寫作部分，Scrivener有兩大類特色，一個是幫助寫作者專注於寫作這件事情上，另一個則是幫助寫作者組織自己的想法。在寫論文的時候，常常寫個兩三句話，就開始心浮氣躁，看看臉書看看信箱，Scrivener的Compose mode (Part 1: Step 4)將與寫作不相關的事物都移出眼前，螢幕上只剩下白色的稿紙與發展中的文章，避免寫作者分心(這個功能其實在office 2007後也有，選取「檢視」然後選取「焦點」即可)。

但是適度的分心在學術寫作中也很重要。我們不大可能逐字逐句地寫出自己的想法。往往，我們寫一寫，會從細部的字句跳脫到比較高層次的架構上，像是主要的論證架構要怎麼修改，突然對某個論點有新的想法。這些事情在寫比較長的作品時都無法避免，但是要怎麼在寫作時可以好好檢視自己的架構確保自己不會忘記從天而降的靈感、寫作時不會寫到迷路呢？

Scrivener的Corkboard、Outline、Synopsis、Notes與Keywords功能(Part 1: Step 5, Part 2: Step 9, 10)都能幫助我們在漫漫的學術旅途中保持方向感。Cordboard與Outline都可以幫我們處理論文的大架構，檢視自己的論點與論點間的銜接是否通順一致。Synopsis可以寫下對單一環節(一章中的一小節或是一個論證的一部分)的基本想法，Notes與Keywords則是記錄寫作時要發展的重點。如此一來，不同層次的想法雖然隨時都可能蹦出來，有了這些功能，寫作做研究時也能將想法有條理地整理下來。

另一個我覺得重要的部分是多工處理。Scrivener除了基本的寫作功能外，還能匯入各種研究時會需要用到的材料，像是影像檔、PDF檔、DOC檔、錄音檔等(Part 1: Step 1, Part 2: Step 8)，所以寫作時也能待在同一個視窗底下做事，不需要另外再打開電腦中的資料夾。我覺得Scrivener中最有幫助但又很直觀的設計就屬視窗分割。使用者可以依喜好將寫作區一分為二，同時看兩個檔案。所以說，如果研究中需要打錄音檔的逐字稿，我們也可以將錄音檔分到其中一個視窗播放，一邊聽一邊打，不需要離開Scrivener！當然，論文所參考的學術文章也可以放到其中一個視窗處理。(又一個避免分心的好功能)

至於學術寫作一定會碰到的論文引用，在Scrivener也可以用Endnote，只是使用上跟在Word上比起來，稍微沒有那麼方便。我查詢了網路上的資料後，感覺起來要編輯citation還是要到Word上做，這點確實是值得改進。但換個方向想，到Word上編輯時，其實也可以順便校對，其實也沒有甚麼不好。

最後附上的兩個影片網址供懶人快速進入狀況：

十分鐘內學會基本的Scrivener功能

http://vimeo.com/67146607#

十分鐘內學會在Scrivener上用Endnote:

http://theplan.co.uk/scrivener-endnote-crib-sheet/

Teach Yourself Latin

CAPVT XX

Fourth declension

本章內容簡易，就是介紹第四變化名詞以及ablative case作為從哪地來、與某物遠離之意的例子。

第四變化規則如下：

Fructus, m., fruit		Cornu, n., horn
Fructus Fructus Fructui Fructum Fructu	-us -us -ui -um -u	Cornu Cornus Cornu Cornu Cornu	-u -us -u -u -u
Fructus Fructuum Fructuibus Fructus Fructuibus	-us -uum -ibus -us -ibus	Cornua Cornuum Cornibus Cornua Cornibus	-ua -uum -ibus -ua -ibus

Ablative of place from which在之前就已經看過，這樣的用法通常會搭配介係詞如ab, de, ex，如：

Graeci a patria sua ad Italiam navigaverunt.

The Greeks sailed from their own land to Italy.

Flumen ad montibus in mare fluxit.

The river flowed from montains into the sea.

Multi ex agris in urbem venient.

Many men come from fields into the city.

Cicero hostes ab urbe misit.

Cicero sent the enemy away from the city.

而ablative of separation則表示有某人或是某物與某物分開、隔開(someone or something is separate from another)，這個用法並非表示透過動作、運動從某地到另一處，而且通常不會有介係詞。尤其是在to free, to lack, to deprive這些意義時。如：

Cicero hostes ab urbe prohibuit.

Cicero kept the enemy away from the city.

Eos timore liberavit

He freed them from fear.

Agricolae pecunia saepe carebant.

Farmers were often lacking money.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Coniurati, coniuratorum	m	Pl. conspirators
Cornu, cornus	n	Horn
Fructus, fructus	m	Fruit; profit, benefit, enjoyment
Genu, genus	n	Knee
Manus, manus	f	Hand; handwriting; band
Metus, metus	m	Fear, dread, anxiety
Mons, montis	m	Mountain
Senatus, senatus	m	Senate
Sensus, sensus	m	Feeling, sense
Servitus, servitutis	f	Servitude, slavery
Spiritus, spiritus	m	Breathing; spirit, soul
Versus, versus	m	Line of verse
ADJECTIVE
Communis, communis, commune		Common, general, of/for the community
Dexter, dextra, dextrum		Right, right-hand
Sinister, sinistra, sinistrum		Left, left-hand; harmful, ill-omened
VERB
Careo, carere, carui, cariturum		+abl, of separation, to be without, to deprived of, want, lack; be free from
Defend, defedere, defendi, defesum		To ward off; defend, protect
Discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum		To go away, depart
Odi, odisse, osum		A DEFECTIVE VERB, force, to hate
Prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum		To keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit
Pronuntio, pronuntiare, pronuntiavi, pronuntiatum		To proclaim, announce; declaim; pronounce

EXERCITATIONES

1. Etiam senēs frūctibus sapientiae et cōnsiliīs argūmentīsque certīs saepe carērer videntur.

Even old men often seem to lack the fruits of wisdom, plans and certain proof(s).

2. Aut ingentē montēs aut flūmina celeria quae dē montibus fluēbant hostēs ab urbe prohibēbant.

 Either the huge mountains or swift rivers that were flowing down from the mountains were keeping the enemy away from the city.

3. Quoniam nimis fortia facta faciēbat, aetās eius erat brevis.

Since he was doing deeds too brave, his life was short.

4. Illa medica facere poterat multa manū dextrā sed sinistrā manū pauca.

That (female) doctor was able to accomplish many things with her right hand, but few with left hand.

5. At vēritās nōs metū gravī iam līberābit quō diū territī sumus.

But, the truth will soon free us from the grim dread by which we have been frightened for a long time.

6. Quibus generibus scelerum sinistrōrum illae duae cīvītātēs dēlētae erunt?

By what types of harmful crimes will have been destroyed by those two states?

7. Quī mortālis sine amīcitiā et probitāte et beneficiō in aliōs potest esse beātus?

What mortal can be happy without friendship, probity, and kindness into others?

8. Pater pecūniam ex Graeciā in suam patriam movēre coeperat, nam familia discēdere cupīvit.

The father had begun to move money out of Greece into his own country, for his family wanted to go away.

9. Ā quibus studium difficilium atrium eō tempore neglēctum est?

By whom was the study of the difficult arts neglected at that time?

10. Ubi versūs illīus auctōris clārī lēctī sunt, audītōrēs delectātī sunt.

When that famous author’s verses were read, the audience were delighted.

11. Sē cito iēcērunt ad genua iūdicum, quī autem nūllam clēmentiam dēmōnstrāvērunt.

They quickly threw themselves to the judges’ knees, who however showed no mercy.

12. Istī coniurātī ab urbe prohibērī nōn possunt.

Those despicable conspirators of yours cannot be held bake from the city.

13. We cannot have the fruits of peace, unless we ourselves free our families from heavy dread.

Non possumus fructus pacis habere, nisi ipsi nostras familias metu gravi liberamus.

13. Those bands of unfortunate men and women will come to us from other countries in which they are deprived of the benefits of citizenship.

Illae manus virorum feminarumque infortunatarum ab aliis patriis ad nos venient in quibus fructibus civitatis carent.

14. The old men lacked neither games nor serious pursuits.

Nec ludis nec studiis gravibus senes carebant.

15. Who began to perceive our common fears of serious crime?

Quis nostros timores communes sceleris gravis sentire coepit?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Cornua cervum ā perīculīs dēfendunt. (Martial. –cervus, -ī, m., stag)

Horns defend a stag from dangers.

2. Oedipūs duōbus oculīs sē prīvāvit. (Cicero. –prīvāre, to deprive)

Oedipus deprived himself of (his own) two eyes.

3. Themistoclēs bellō Persicō Graeciam servitūte līberāvit. (Cicero. –Persicus, -a, -um, Persian)

Themistocles, In the Persian war, freed Greece from slavery.

4. Dēmosthenēs multōs versūs ūnō spīritū prōnūntiābat. (Cicero.)

Demosthenes used to recite many verses in one breath.

5. Persicōs apparātūs ōdī. (Horace. –apparatus, -ūs, m., equipment, display)

I hate Persian equipment (pl. acc.).

6. Iste commūnī sēnsū caret. (Horace.)

That man lacks common sense.

7. Senectūs nōs prīvat omnibus voluptātibus neque longē abest ā morte. (Cicero. –longē : adv., of longus –absum, to be away)

Old age deprives us of all pleasures and is not far from death.

8. Nūllus accūsātor caret culpā; omnēs peccāvimus. (Seneca. –accusator, -tōris, m. accuser –peccāre, to sin)

No accuser lacks fault; we all have sinned.

9. Nūlla pars vītae vacāre officiō potest. (Cicero. –vacāre, to be free from)

No part of life can be free from duty.

10. Prīma virtūs est vitiō carēre. (Quintilian.)

The primary virtue is to free from vice.

11. Vir scelere vacuus nōn eget iaculīs neque arcū. (Horace. –vacuus, -a, -um, free from –egēre, to need –iaculum, -ī, n., javelin –arcus, -ūs, m., bow)

A man free from crime does not need javelins, nor a bow.

Egeo, egēre, egui+abl., or gen.,  need, lack, want

12. Magnī tumultūs urbem eō tempore miscēbant. (Cicero. –tumultus, -ūs, m., tumult)

Great tumults were stirring up the city at that time.

13. Litterae senātuī populōque allobrogum manibus coniūrātōrum ipsōrum erant scrīptae. (Cicero. –Allobrogēs, -gum, m., pl., a Gallic tribe whom the Catilinarian conspirators tried to arouse against Rome.)

A letter to the senate and people of the Allobroges had been written by the hands of the conspirators themselves.

CICERO URGES CATILINE’S DEPARTURE FROM ROME

(Cicero. In Catilīnam 1.1.3ff;  –cōnsultum, -ī, n., deree –vehemēns, gen. vehementis, vehemence –scelerātus, -a, -um, wicked, criminal, defiled -Manlius: was one of Catiline’s principal feoolow conspirators )

Habēmus senātūs consultum contrā tē, Catilīna, vehemēns et grave; ācre iūdicium habēmus, et vīrēs et cōnsilium cīvitās nostra habet.

we have the deree of the senate against you, Catilina, vehemence and serious; we have sharp judgement, our state has both power and plan.

Quid est, Catilīna? Cūr remanēs? O dī immortālēs!

What is is, Catilina? Why you remain? O immortal gods!

Discēde nunc ex hāc urbe cum malā manū scelerātōrum; magnō metū mē līberābis, sī omnēs istōs coniūrātōs tēcum ēdūcēs.

Leave now from this city with the evil bands of crimes: you will free me from great fear, if you lead all those despicable consipirators with you.

Nisi nunc discēdēs, tē cito eiciēmus. Nihil in cīvitāte nostrā tē dēlectāre potest.

Unless now you leave, we will throw you away quickly. Nothing in our state can delight you.

Age, age! Deinde curre ad Manlium, istum amīcum malum; tē diū dēsīderāvit.

Go, go! Then run to Manlium, that evil friend of yours: he has longed for you for a long time.

Incipe nunc; gere bellum in cīvitātem! Brevī tempore tē omnēsque tuōs, hostēs patriae, vincēmus, et omnēs vōs poenās gravēs semper dabitis.

Begin now; wage a war into the state! In a brief time we will conquer you and all men of yours, the enemy of our fatherland, and all of you will always pay the serious penalty  

Teach yourself Latin XIX

CAPVT XIX

Perfect passive system

上一章介紹過Present passives，那接下來當然是Perfect家族啦！perfect passive其實也非常的簡單，就是將被動詞單字時的第四個部分—perfect passive participle加上sum, ero, eram，組合起來就是perfect indicative passive了。

Perfect Indicative Passive	Future Perfect Indicative Passive	Pluperfect Indicative Passive
I was praised, have been praised	I will have been praised	I had been praised
Laudatus, -a, -um sum Laudatus, -a, -um es Laudatus, -a, -um est Laudati, -ae, -a sumus Laudati, -ae, -a estis Laudati, -ae, -a sunt	Laudatus, -a, -um ero Laudatus, -a, -um eris Laudatus, -a, -um erit Laudati, -ae, -a erimus Laudati, -ae, -a eritis Laudati, -ae, -a erunt	Laudatus, -a, -um eram Laudatus, -a, -um eras Laudatus, -a, -um erat Laudati, -ae, -a eramus Laudati, -ae, -a eratis Laudati, -ae, -a erant

如果發話者是女性，則用laudata sum表示「我(女性)被稱讚過」。

雖然說participle+sum在拉丁文中組合成一個被動動詞單位，但它的本質還是predicative adjective，所以很自然的，participle必須要與其欲修飾的名詞和於詞性、單複數以及格。

本課的第二個重點為Interrogative pronoun

如同英文中的Who? What? Whose?等疑問詞，拉丁文也有這樣的疑問代名詞。拉丁文中的疑問代名詞大致上與關係代名詞相同：

singular			plural
M	F	N	M	F	N
Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quis Quius Cui Quem Quo	Quid Quius Cui Quid Quo	Qui Quorum Quibus Quos Quibus	Quae Quarum Quibus Quas Quibus	Quae Quorum Quibus Quae Quibus

 不過，在拉丁文中的qui, quae, quod與英文比較起來，是更加詳細的去問到底是哪一個人事物(原文為：qui, quae, quod asks for more specific identification of a person or thing)。比方說：

Quod signum vides?

What sign do you see?

Quae femina consilium habet?

Which woman has a plan?

In qua urbe vivimus?

In what kind of city are we living?

有時，這樣的句法也有驚嘆的意思。有點像what a good boy he is的感覺。比方說quos mores malos isti habent! What terrible morals those men have!

由於關係代名詞跟疑問代名詞在大部分的情況下都長的一樣，所以要如何區變兩者變成了一個問題。除了從文句脈絡來區辨以外，還有下面三種區辦方式：第一、疑問代名詞通常是要問到底是哪個人事物，而且在其之前不會有前加詞(antecedent)，句尾也常出現問號。第二、疑問詞的詞性、單複數、格都會合於其所欲詢問的事物。第三、關係代名詞通常都會引入從屬子句，而且會有前加詞，也沒有要問問題。

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Argumentum, argumenti	n	Proof, evidence, argument
Acutor, auctoris	m	Increaser; author, originator
Beneficium, beneficii	n	Benefit, kindness; favour
Familia, familiae	f	Household, family
Graecia, graeciae	f	Greece
iudex, iudicis	m	Judge, juror
Iudicium, iudicii	n	Judgment. Decision, opinion; trial
Scelus, sceleris	n	Evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
Quis? Quid?		Who? Whose? Whom? What? Which?
Qui? Quae? Quod?		What? Which? What kind of?
ADJECTIVE
Certus, certa, certum		Definite, sure, certain, reliable
Gravis, gravis, grave		Heavy, weighty; serious, important; severe, grievous
Immortalis, immortalis, immortale		Immortal
OTHER
at	conj	But; but, mind you; but, you say; (a stronger adversative than sed)
nisi	conj	If…not; unless, except
contra	prep	+acc, against
iam	adv	Now, already, soon
VERB
Delecto, delectare, delectavi, delectatum		To delight, charm, please
Libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum		To free, liberate
Paro, parare, paravi, paratum		To prepare, provide; get, obtain

EXERCITATIONES

1. Quis lībertātem eōrum eō tempore dēlēre coepit?

Who began to destroy the freedom of them at that time?

2. Cuius lībertās ab istō auctōre deinde dēlēta est?

Whose liberty was then destroyed by that author?

3. Quōs librōs bonōs poēta caecus herī recitāvit?

What good books did the blind poet recite yesterday?

4. Fēminae librōs difficilēs crās legent quōs mīsistī.

Tomorrow, the women will read the difficult books which you sent.

5. Omnia flūmina in mare fluunt et cum eō miscentur.

All rivers flow into the ocean and are mixed with it.

6. Itaque id genus lūdōrum levium, quod ā multīs familiīs laudābātur, nōs ipsī numquam cupimus.

And so, we ourselves never long for that type of trivial game(s), which used to be praised by many families.

7. Puerī et puellae propter facta bona ā mātribus patribusque laudātae sunt.

The boys and girls have been praised by their mothers and fathers because of good deeds.

8. Cur istī vēritātem timēbant, quā multī adiūtī erant?

Why did those men fear truth, by which many had been helped?

9. Hostis trāns ingēns flūmen in Graeciā deinde nāvigāvit.

An enemy then sailed across a vast river in Greece.

10. Quī vir fortis clārusque, dē quō lēgistī, aetātem brevem mortemque celerem exspectābat?

What brave and famous man, of whom you have read, was waiting for a brief life and swift death?

11. Quae studia gravia tē semper dēlectant, aut quae nunc dēsīderās?

What serious studies always delight you, or which do you now desire?

12. Who saw the six men who had prepared this?

Quid vidit sex qui hoc paraverat?

13. What was neglected by the second student yesterday?

Quid heri a secundo discipulo neglectum est?

14. We were helped by the knowledge which had been neglected by him.

Scientia iuti sumus quae ab eo neglecta erat.

15. Whose plans did the old men of all those cities fear? Which plans did they esteem?

Cuius consilia senes illorum omnium urbium timuerunt? Quae dilexerunt?

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quae est nātūra animī? Est mortālis. (Lucretius.)

What is the nature of the soul? It is mortal.

2. Illa argūmenta vīsa sunt et gravia et certa. (Cicero.)

Those proofs seemed both serious and clear.

3. Quid nōs facere contrā istōs et scelera eōrum dēbēmus? (Cicero.)

What must we do against those men and their crimes?

4. Quid ego ēgī? In quod perīculum iactus sum? (Terence.)

What have I done? Into what danger have I been thrown?

5. O dī immortālēs! In quā urbe vīvimus? Quam cīvitātem habēmus? (Cicero.)

O immortal gods! In what city do we live? What state do we have? What crimes do we see?

6. Quī sunt bonī cīvēs nisi eī quī officio moventur et beneficia patriae memoriā tenent? (Cicero.)

Who are good citizens if they are not those who are moved by duty and keep gifts of the fatherland in their memory?

7. Alia, quae pecūniā parantur, ab eō stultō parāta sunt; at mōrēs eius vērōs amīcōs parāre nōn potuērunt. (Cicero.)

Other things, which are provided by money, have been provided by that fool; but his character was not able to provide true friends.

THE AGED PLAYWRIGHT SOPHOCLES HOLDS HIS OWN

(Cicero, Dē Senectūte, 7.22. — summam , extreme–tragoedia, -ae, f., tragedy–proximē, adv., shortly before –Oedipum Coloneum, Oedipus at Colonus)

Quam multa senēs in mentibus tenent!

How many things the old hold in mind!

Sī studium grave et labor et probitās in senectūte remanent, saepe manent etiam memoria, scientia, sapientiaque.

If serious study and hard work and probity remain in the old, memory, knowledge and wisdom also often stay.

Sophoclēs, scrīptor ille Graecus, ad summam senectūtem tragoediās fēcit;

Shophocles, that Greek writor, made tragedies to extreme old age.

sed propter hoc studium familiam neglegere vidēbātur et ā fīliīs in iūdicium vocātus est.

but because of this pursuit he seemed to neglect his family and was called into judgement by sons.

Tum auctor eam tragoediam quam sēcum habuit et quam proximē scrīpserat, “Oedipum Colōnēum,” iūdicibus recitāvit.

Then, the author recited to the juders the tragedy which he had with himself and which he had written shortly before, Oedipus at Colonus.

Ubi haec tragoedia recitāta est, senex sententiīs iūdicum est lībertātus.

When this tragedy was recited, the old was free by the opinion of the judgers.

CATULLUS BIDS A BITTER FAREWELL TO LESBIA

(*Catullus 8.12, 15-19; meter: choliambic. See L.A.1, below (and cp. the adaptation of this passage in Ch.2). obdūrāre, to be hard, be tough, endure–scelestus, -a, -um wicked, accursed–vae tē, woe to yo–adībit, will visit–dīcēris, will you to be said–bāsiāre, to kiss–cui,here means cuius–labellum, -ī, n,  lip–mordēre, to bite–dēstinātus, -a, -um, resolved, firm)

Valē, puella — iam Catullus obdūrat.

Goodbye, girl –now Catullus is tough.

…

Scelesta, vae tē! Quae tibī manet vīta?

Wicked woman, woe to you! What life remain to you?

Quis nunc tē adībit? Cui vidēberis bella?

What man now will visit you? To whom will you seem pretty?

Quem nunc amābis? Cuius esse dīcēris?

Which man now you will love? Whose will you be said to be?

Quem bāsiābis? Cui labella mordēbis?

Which man will you kiss? whose lips you will bite?

At tū, Catulle, dēstinātus obdūrā.

But you, Catullus, be firm, resolute.

MESSAGE FROM A BOOKCASE

(*Martial 14.37; meter: hendecasyllabic. –sēlectus, -a, -um, select, carefully chosen–tinea, -ae, f., maggot, bookworm–trux, gen., trucis, firce, savage–blatta, -ae, f., cockroach)

Sēlectōs nisi dās mihī libellōs,

admittam tineās trucēsque blattās!

Unless you give me (carefully) chosen books,

I will send bookworms and fierce cockroaches!