CAPVT XIII
Reflexive pronouns and possessives
Intensive pronoun
本章介紹反身代名詞，像是「我稱讚我自己」中的「我自己」就是中文中的反身代名詞。拉丁文中的反身代名詞使用時機很直觀，基本上和中文、英文沒有太大差異。比方說：
Femina de se cogitabat.
The female used to thinking about herself.
N G D A A | -- Mei (of myself) Mihi (to/for myself) Me (myself) Me (by/with/from myself) | -- Tui Tibi Te Te | -- Sui Sibi Se Se |
N G D A A | -- Nostri Nobis Nos Nobis | -- Vestri Vobis Vos Vobis | -- Sui Sibi Se Se |
REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
在第一人稱第二人稱時，要表示所有格用meus, tuus, noster, vester等形容詞修飾即可。第三人稱時呢？suus, sua, suum可以翻譯作his own, her own, its own, their own之意。如：
Cicero amicum suum laudavit.
Cicero praised his own friend.
Cicero amicum eius laudavit.
Cicero praised his (the other people instead of cicero himself) friend.
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN—Ipse, ipsa, ipsum
Intensive pronoun通常用於加強語氣，好比說英文中的Caesar himself conquered the Asia Minor. 這邊的himself就是intensive pronoun。如：
Cicero ipse me laudavit.
Cicero himself praised me.
Ipse amicum eius laudavi.
I myself praised his friend.
Filia vobis ipsis litteras scripsit.
Your daughter wrote a letter to you yourselves.
VOCABVLA
| NOUN | |||
| Divitae, divitarum | F | Pl., riches, wealth | |
| Factum, facti | N | Deed, act, achievement | |
| Signum, signi | N | Sign, signal, indication; seal | |
| Quisque, quidque | | (Gen. quiusque; Dat. Cuique) each one, each thing, each person | |
| ADJECTIVE | |||
| Doctus, docta, doctum | | Taught, learned, skilled | |
| Fortunatus, fortunata, fortunatum | | Lucky, fortunate, happy | |
| OTHER | |||
| nam | Conj. | for | |
| ante | Prep. Adv | +acc., before (in place, time), in front of Before, previously | |
| per | prep | +acc., through; with reflexive pronoun, by | |
| olim | adv | Long ago, formerly; someday, in the future | |
| VERB | |||
| Alo, alere, alui, altum | | To nourish, support, sustain, increase; cherish | |
| Diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum | | To esteem, love | |
| Iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctum | | To join | |
| Sto, stare, steti, statum | | To stand, stand still, stand firm | |
EXERCITATIONES
1. Cōnsulēs sē nec tēcum nec cum illīs aliīs iungēbant.
The consuls were joining themselves neither with you nor with those others.
2. Tōtus populus Rōmānus lībertātem āmīsit.
The whole Roman people have lost their freedom.
3. Rēx malus enim mē ipsum capere numquam potuit.
The evil king could never be able to truly capture me myself.
4. Ad patrem mātremque eōrum per illum locum tum fūgistis.
At that time, you fled to their father and mother through that place.
5. Dī animōs creant et eōs in corpora hominum ē caelō mittunt.
The gods create souls and send them into the human bodies from the sky.
6. Ipsī per sē eum in Asiā nūper vīcērunt.
Recently they themselves have conquered him in Asia by themselves.
7. In hāc viā Cicerō medicum eius vīdit, nōn suum.
On the way, Cicero saw his (not Cicero himself’s) doctor, not his own.
8. Nēmō fīliam acerbam cōnsulis ipsīus diū dīligere potuit.
No one was able to love the bitter daughter of the consul himself for long.
9. Hī Cicerōnem ipsum sēcum iūnxērunt, nam eum semper dīlēxerant.
These men joined Cicero himself with themselves, for they had always esteemed him.
10. Fēmina ante illam hōram litterās suās mīserat.
The female had sent her own letter before that time.
11. Ille bonam senectūtem habuit, nam bene vīxerat.
That man had a good old age, for he had lived well.
12. Māter fīlium bene intellēxit, et adulēscēns eī prō patientiā grātiās ēgit.
The mother understood her son well, and the young man thanked her for her patience.
13. However, those young men came to Caesar himself yesterday.
Illi autem adulescentes ad Caesarem ipsum heri venerunt.
14. Cicero, therefore, will never join his (Caesar’s) name with his own.
Cicero igitur nomen eius (Ceasaris) cum suo numquam iunget.
15. Cicero always esteemed himself and even you esteem yourself.
Cicero se semper dilexit et tu etiam te diligis.
16. Cicero used to praise his own books and I now praise my own books.
Cicero laudabat libros suos et nunc libros meos laudo.
17. The consul Cicero himself had never seen his (Caesar’s) book.
Consul Cicero ipse numquam librum eius (Caesaris) viderat.
SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE
1. Ipse ad eōs contendēbat equitēsque ante sē mīsit. (Caesar. — contend, -ere, to hasten—eques, equities, m, horseman)
He himself used to hasten to them and sent the horsemen before himself.
2. Ipsī nihil per sē sine eō facere potuērunt. (Cicero.)
They could do nothing by themselves without him.
3. Ipse signum suum et litterās suās ā prīncipiō recognōvit. (Cicero. –recognōscō, -ere, -cognōvī, -cognitum, to recognize)
He himself recognized his own seal and his own letter from the beginning.
4. Quisque ipse sē dīligit, quod quisque per sē sibi cārus est. (Cicero.)
Each one loves himself, because each one is dear to himself by himself.
5. Ex vitiō alterīus sapiēns ēmendat suum. (*Publilius Syrus. –sapiens, -entis, m, wise man, philosopher–ēmendāre, to correct)
From the fault of another, a wise man corrects his own.
6. Recēde in tē ipsum. (*Seneca. –recede, -ere, to withdraw)
Withdraw into your very self.
7. Animus se ipse alit. (*Seneca.)
The spirit nourishes itself.
8. Homō doctus in sē semper dīvitiās habet. (Phaedrus.)
A learned man always has riches in himself.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE POWER OF LITERATURE
(Cicero, Prō Archiā 24. )
Tumulus, -i, m, tomb, grave
Achillēs, -lis, m, Achilles
Homērus, -ī, m, Homerus
laudator, -tōris, m, one who praise, eulogist, chronicler
vēre, adv of vērus
Ilias, -adis, f, Iliad
obruō, -ere, to overwhelm, bury
Magnus ille Alexander multōs scrīptōrēs factōrum suōrum sēcum semper habēbat.
The great Alexander used to always have many writers of his own achievement with himself.
Is enim ante tumulum Achillis ōlim stetit et dīxit haec verba: “Fuistī fortūnātus, ō adulēscēns, quod Homērum laudātōrem virtūtis tuae invēnistī.”
Truly, he stood before the grave of Achilles for a long time and said these words: “You were fortunate, o the young men, because you found out Homer the chronicler of your virtute.”
Et vērē! Nam, sine Iliade illā, īdem tumulus et corpus eius et nōmen obruere potuit.
And truly! For, withour that Iliad, the same tomb would bury both your body and name.
Nihil corpus humānum cōnservāre potest; sed litterae magnae nōmen virī magnī saepe cōnservāre possunt.
Nothing can preserve the human body; but great literatures often can preserve the name of great hero.
THE AUTHORITY OF A TEACHER’S OPINION
(Cicero, Dē Nātūrā Deōrum 1.5.10.)
Pythagorās, -ae, m, Pythagoras–disputātiō, -ōnis, f, argument, debate)
Magistrī bonī discipulīs sententiās suās nōn semper dīcere dēbent.
Good teachers should not always teach their own opinions to students.
Discipulī Pythagorae in disputātiōnibus saepe dīcēbant: “Ipse dīxit!”
Students of Pythagoras often used to say in debate: “He himself said!”
Pythagorās, eōrum magister philosophiae, erat “ipse”: sententiae eius etiam sine ratiōne valuērunt.
Pythagoras, a teaher of philosophy of them, was “himself”: the opinions of him also were strong without reason.
In philosophiā autem ratiō sōla, nōn sententia, valēre dēbet.
In philosophy, however, only reason, not opinion should be strong.
