Teach yourself Latin XVI

CAPVT XVI

Third Declension Adjectives

本課的重點在於第三種形容詞變化。此種變化類同於先前於CAPVT XIV中所介紹的i-stem名詞變化，declension基本上相同。

-i結尾於所有單數genitive case

-ium結尾於所有複數genitive case

-ia結尾於所有複數nominative, accusative case

如下表所示：

	M/F	N	M/F	N	M/F	N	M/F	N
N G D A A	Civis Civis Civi Civem Cive	Mare Maris Mari Mare Mari	Fortis Fortis Forti Fortem Forti	Forte Fortis Forti Forte Forti	Acer, Acris Acris Acri Acrem Acri	Acre Acris Acri Acrem Acri	Potens Potentis Potenti Potentem Potenti	Potens Potentis Potenti Potens Potenti
N G D A A	Cives Civium Civibus Cives Civibus	Maria Marium Maribus Maria Maribus	Fortes Fortium Fortibus Fortes Fortibus	Fortia Fortium Fortibus Fortia Fortibus	Acres Acrium Acribus Acres Acribus	Acria Acrium Acribus Acria Acribus	Potentes Potentium Potentibus Potentes Potentibus	Potentia Potentium Potentibus Potentia Potentibus

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Aetas, aetatis	f	Period of life, life, age, an age, time
Auditor, auditoris	m	Hearer, listener, member of an audience
Clementia, clementiae	f	Mildness, gentleness, mercy
Mens, mentis	f	Mind, thought, intention
Satura, saturae	f	satire
ADJECTIVE
Acer, acris, acre		Sharp, keen, eager; severe, fierce
Brevis, brevis, breve		Short, small, brief
Celer, celeris, celere		Swift, quick, rapid
Difficilis, difficilis, difficile		Hard, difficult, troublesome
Dulcis, dulcis, dulce		Sweat; pleasant, agreeable
Facilis, facilis, facile		Easy, agreeable
Fortis, fortis, forte		Strong, brave
Ingens, ingens, ingens		Huge
Iucundus, iucunda, iucundum		Pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing
Longus, longa, longum		Long
Omnis, omnis, omne		Every, all
Potens, potens, potens		Gen. potentis, able, powerful, mighty, strong
Senex, senex, senex		Gen. senis, adj and noun, old, old age; old man
OTHER
quam	adv	how
VERB
Rego, regere, rexi, rectum		To rule, guide, direct

EXERCITATIONES

1. Fortēs virī et fēminae ante aetātem nostram vīvēbant.

Brave men and women used to live before our time.

2. Eōs centum senēs miserōs ab Italiā trāns maria difficilia herī mittēbat.

He sent those one hundred miserable old men away from Italy  across the difficult seas yesterday.

3. Illī duo virī omnēs cupiditātēs ex sē ēiēcērunt, nam nātūram corporis timuērunt.

Those two men threw out all desires from themselves, for they feared the nature of the body.

4. Potēns rēgīna, quoniam sē dīlēxit, istōs trēs vītāvit et sē cum eīs numquam iūnxit.

The powerful queen, since she esteemed herself, shunned those three men and never joined (herself) with them.

5. Itaque inter eōs ibi stābam et signum cum animō fortī diū exspectābam.

Therefore I used to stand among them there and wait for a sign with courage for a long time.

6. Celer rūmor per ōra aurēsque omnium sine morā currēbat.

The swift rumor ran through the mouths and ears of all people without delay.

7. Vīs bellī acerbī autem vītam eius paucīs hōrīs mūtāvit.

The force of a fierce war, however, changed his life in a few hours.

8. Quīnque ex nautīs sē ex aquā trāxērunt sēque Caesarī potentī commīsērunt.

Five of the sailors dragged themselves out of the water and entrusted themselves to mighty Caesar.

9. Caesar nōn poterat suās cōpiās cum celeribus cōpiīs rēgis iungere.

Caesar could not join his own troops with the swift troops of the king.

10. Themistoclēs omnēs cīvēs ōlim appellābat et nōmina eōrum ācrī memoriā tenēbat.

Once puon a time, Themistocles were speaking to all of the citizens and kept their names by keen memory.

11. In caelō sunt multae nūbēs et animālia agricolae tempestāte malā nōn valent.

Many clouds are in the sky and the farmer’s animals are not well in the bad weather.

12. The father and mother often used to come to the city with their two sweet daughters.

Pater materque saepe ad urbem cum duabus filiabus dulcibus veniebant.

13. The souls of brave men and women will never fear difficult times.

Animi virorum feminarumque fortium tempora difficilia numquam timebunt.

14. Does he now understand all the rights of these four men?

Intellegitne omnia iura nunc horum quattuor virorum?

15. The doctor could not help the brave girl, for death was swift.

Medicus puellam fortem adiuvare non poterat, nam mors erat celeris.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Quam dulcis est lībertās! (Phaedrus.)

How sweet the liberty is!

2. Labor omnia vīcit. (*Virgil.)

Labour conquered all things.

3. Fortūna fortēs adiuvat. (Terence.)

Fortune helps the strong.

4. Quam celeries et ācris est mēns! (Cicero.)

How swift and sharp the mind is!

5. Polyphēmus erat mōnstrum horrendum, īnfōrme, ingēns. (Virgil. — mōnstrum, -ī, n, monster–horrendus, -a, -um, horrible–īnfōrmis, -e,formless, hideous)

Polyphemus was a horrendous, hideous, huge monster.

6. Varium et mūtābile semper fēmina. (*Virgil. –Order: fēmina semper [est] varium et mūtābile. –varius, -a, -um, varying, fickle–mūtābilis, -e, changeable；varium and mūtābileare used to mean ‘a fickle and changeable thing’

A woman is always a fickle and changeable thing.

7. Facile est epigrammata belle scrībere, sed librum scrībere difficile est. (*Martial. –epigramma, -matis, n , short poem, epigram–belle is the adverb form of bellus, -a, -um)

It is easy to write epigrams neatly, but to write a book is difficult.

8. Ira furor brevis est; animum rege. (*Horace. –furor, -rōris, m, madness)

Anger is a brief madness; rule your spirit.

9. Ars poētica est nōn omnia dīcere. (*Servius. –poēticus, -a, -um, poetic)

The poetic art is not to say everything.

10. Nihil est ab omnī parte beātum. (*Horace.)

Nothing is happy from every part.

11. Liber meus hominēs prūdentī cōnsiliō alit. (Phaedrus. –prūdēns, gen., prūdentis, prudent)

My book nourishes human beings by prudent advice.

12. Māter omnium bonārum atrium sapientia est. (*Cicero.)

The mother of all good arts is wisdom.

13. Clēmentia rēgem salvum facit; nam amor omnium cīvium est inexpugnābile mūnīmentum rēgis. (Seneca. –inexpugnābilis, -e,  impregnable–mūlīmentum, -ī, n,fortification defense)

Mercy makes the king safe; for the love of all citizens is impregnable defense of a king.

14. Vīta est brevis; ars, longa. (Hippocrates, quoted by Seneca.)

Life is short; art, long.

15. Breve tempus aetātis autem satis longum est ad bene vīvendum. (Cicero. –vīvendum, living, verbal noun object of ad, for)

The brief period of life, however, is long enough to live well.

16. Vīvit et vīvet per omnium saeculōrum memoriam. (*Velleius Paterculus –saeculum, -ī, n, century, age)

He lives and will live through the memory of all the ages.

JUVENAL EXPLAINS HIS IMPULSE TO SATIRE

Semper ego audītor erō? Est turba poētārum in hāc urbe — ego igitur erō poēta!

Will I always be an auditor? A crowd of poets is in this city—therfore I will be a poet!

Sunt mīlia vitiōrum in urbe — dē istīs vitiīs scrībam! Difficile est saturam nōn scrībere.

Thousands vices are in the city—I used to write about these evils! The difficult is not to write a satire.

Sī nātūra mē adiuvāre nōn potest, facit indignātiō versum.

If the nature cannot help me, the anger does the versus.

In librō meō erunt omnia facta hominum — timor, īra, voluptās, culpa, cupiditās, īnsidiae. Nunc est plēna cōpia vitiōrum in hāc miserā urbe Rōmae!

All deeds of human beings will be in my book—fear, anger, please, fault, desire and threachery. Now is a full abundance of vices in this miserable city of Rome!

ON A TEMPERAMENTAL FRIEND

Difficilis facilis, iūcundus acerbus– es īdem:

nec tēcum possum vīvere nec sine tē.

(*Martial, 12, 46; meter: elegiac couplet.)

Difficult easy, pleasant bitter – you are the same:

neither with you can I live, nor without you.

隨著課程，這種利用對仗排比而省略動詞或是連接詞的狀況會越來越常出現

這是因為古代承載文字的紙張等非常稀少

Teach yourself Latin XV

CAPVT XV

Numerals; genitive of the whole; ablative with numerals and ablative of time

本章的重點其實就只有一個：數字

修飾名詞的數字有點像是形容詞，但是除了one, two, three, two hundred – nine hundred 以及thousands會有declension以外，其他都沒有declension。

這乍聽之下是一個好消息：可以不用背declension！但事實上，拉丁文因為有詞尾變化的這項特性，句子中的word order比較鬆散，這些沒有declension的數字沒有辦法從字尾得知其所屬之格，因此在翻譯上反而會造成困擾。

以下為duo, -a, -o以及Tres, tres, tria的變化。而ducenti, -ae, -a以及其他百位數字之變化同第一第二形容詞複數的declension。

	M	F	N	M/F	N
N G D A A	Duo Duorum Duobus Duos Duorum	Dua Duarum Duabus Duas Duabus	Duo Duorum Duobus Duo Duobus	Tres Trium Tribus Tres Tribus	Tria Trium Tribus Tria tribus

Thousand無論是甚麼性都不會有declension，而thousands的declension則是為第三變化複數中性i-stem。

	Thousand	Thousands
	M/F/N	N
N G D A A	Mille Mille Mille Mille Mille	Milia Milium Milibus Milia Milibus

GENITIVE OF THE WHOLE

本章第二個重點為用genitive case來表達一個整體的部分。如：

Pars urbis, part of the city

Nemo anicorum meorum, none of my friends

有一些實用的拉丁小片語也是這樣構成的：

Nihil temoris, nothing of time = no time

Satis eloquentiae, sufficient eloquence

Quid consilii? What plan?

Multum boni, much good

Quid novi? What new?

Nihil certi, nothing certain

要注意thousand的用法

Decem milia viroum, 10000 men

Mille viri, 1000 men

ABLATIVE WITH CARDINAL NUMERALS

要表達有多少個東西時，有時可以用ex或是de接ablative case，如

Tres ex amicis meis, three of my friends

Quinque ex eis, five of them

Quidam ex eis, a certain one of them

Centum ex viris, 100 of the men

Pauci ex amicis, a few of the friends

ABLATIVE OF TIME WHEN OR WITHIN WHICH

想表示在多少時間之內或是在甚麼時候，可以直接用ablative case來表達。在翻譯成英文時要記得補上at, in, on 或是within跟by。如：

Eo tempore non poteram id facere. At that time I could not do it.

Agricolae bonis annis valebant. In good years, the farmers flourished.

Eodem die venerunt. They came on the same day.

Aestate ludebant. In summer they used to play.

Paucis horis id faciet.  In a few hours he will do it.

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Italia, Italiae	f	Italy
Memoria, memoriae	f	Memory, recollection
Tempestas, tempestatis	f	Period of time, season; weather, strom
ADJECTIVE
centum		A hundred
mille		Indecl. In sg. Thousand
Milia, milium		Thousands (third decleionsion i-stem)
Miser, misera, miserum		Wretched, miserable, unfortunate
OTHER
Inter	prep	+acc, between, among
Itaque	adv	And so, therefore
VERB
Committo, committere, commisi, commissum		To commit, entrust
Expecto, expectare, expectavi, expectatum		To look for, expect, await
Iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum		To throw, hurl
Timeo, timere, timui		To fear, be afraid of

EXERCITATIONES

1. Illae quīnque fēminae inter ea animālia mortem nōn timēbant.

Those five women were not afraid of death among those animals.

2. Duo ex fīliīs ā portā per agrōs cum patre suō herī currēbant et in aquam cecidērunt.

Two of the sons were running from the gate through the fields with their father yesterday and they fell into the water.

3. Primus rēx dīvitiās in mare iēcit, nam magnam īram et vim turbae timuit.

The first king threw the riches into the sea, for he feared the great anger and force of the mob.

4. Nēmō eandem partem Asiae ūnō annō vincet.

No one will conquer the same part of Asia in one year.

5. Rōmānī quattuor ex eīs urbibus prīmā viā iūnxērunt.

The Romans joined with the four of the cities on the first road.

因為quattour沒有declension，所以要判斷出他其實是accusative case需要靠分析出iunxerrunt不會是接ex eis urbibus也不會接ablative case的prima via

6. Itaque mīlia librōrum eius ab urbe trāns Italiam mīsistis.

Therefore, you (pl.) sent his thousands of books from the city across Italy.

7. Lībertātem et iūra hārum urbium artibus bellī cōnservāvimus.

We preserved the liberty and rights of these cities by the arts of war.

8. Dī Graecī sē inter hominēs cum virtūte saepe nōn gerēbant.

The Greek gods often did not conduct themselves with virtue among men.

9. Cicerō mīlia Rōmānōrum vī sententiārum suārum dūcēbat.

Cicero were leading thousands of Romans by the power of his own thoughts.

10. Sententiae medicī eum cārum mihi numquam fēcērunt.

The opinions of the docter never made him dear to me.

11. The tyrant used to entrust his life to those three friends.

Tyrannus vitam suam tribus amicis illis committebat.

12. The greedy man never has enough wealth.

Avarus numquam satis habet divitiarum.

13. At that time we saved their mother with those six letters.

Eo tempore matrem eorum illis sex epistulae servavimus.

14. Through their friends they conquered the citizens of the ten cities.

Decem urbium cives amicis vicerunt.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Diū in istā nāve et propter tempestātem nūbēsque semper mortem exspectābam. (Terence. –nāvis, nāvis, f, ship)

I have been on that ship for a long time and because of the storm and clouds, I was always expecting the death.

2. Septem hōrīs ad eam urbem vēnimus. (Cicero.)

We came to that city in seven hours.

3. Italia illīs temporibus erat plēna Graecārum artium, et multī Rōmānī ipsī hās artēs colēbant. (Cicerō. –artēs, in the sense of studies, e.g., literature and philosophy–colō, -ere, to cultivate, pursuit)

Italy was full of the Greek arts in those times, and many Romans themselves were pursuiting these arts.

4. Inter bellum et pācem dubitābant. (Tacitus. –dubitāre, to hasitate, waver)

They kept hesitating between war and peace.

5. Eō tempore istum ex urbe ēiciēbam. (Cicero.)

At that time, I was driving that man out of the city.

6. Dīcēbat quisque miser: “Cīvis Rōmānus sum.” (Cicero.)

Each wretched man kept saying: “I am a Roman citizen.”

7. Mea puella passerem suum amābat, et passer ad eam sōlam semper pīpiābat nec sē ex gremiō movēbat. (Catullus. –passer, -seris, m, sparrow–pīpiāre, to chirp–gremium, -iī, n, lap–movēre, to move)

My girl used to love her sparrow, and the sparrow used to chirp only to her and it did not move away from her lap.

8. Fīliī meī frātrem meum dīligēbant, mē vītābant; mē patrem acerbum appellābant et meam mortem exspectābant. Nunc autem mōrēs meōs mūtāvī et duōs fīliōs ad mē crās traham. (Terence.)

My sons used to love my brother, they shunned me; they used to call me a bitter father and await my death. However, I have changed my behavior now and tomorrow I shall drag my two sons (back) to me.

9. Dionysius tyrannus, quoniam tōnsōrī caput committere timēbat, fīliās suās barbam et capillum tondēre docuit; itaque virginēs tondēbant barbam et capillum patris. (Cicero.–tōnsor, -sōris, m,  barber–barba, -ae, f,  beard–capillus, -ī, m,  hair–tondēre, to shave)

Since he used to fear to entrust his head to a barber, the tyrant Dionysius taught his own daughters to cut his beard and hair; therefore the maidens used to cut their father’s beard and hair.

Teach yourself Latin XIV

CAPVT XIV

i-stem nouns of the third declension

ablatives of means, accompaniment and manner

I-Stem nouns of third declension

名詞第三變化除了先前曾經在CAPVT VII學過的基本型態以外，尚有i-stem之形式的變化。其實基本變化都與一般第三變化相同，不同之處在於genitive plural的結尾為-ium、ablative neuter singular結尾為-i、nominative and accusative neuter singular為-ia。如下表所示：

	Cons.-stem	i-stem
	Rex, regis  (m, king)	Civis, civis (m, citizens)	Nubes, nubis (f, cloud)	Urbs, Urbis (f, city)	Mare, maris (n, sea)	Vis, vis (f, force)
	Rex Regis Regi Regem Rege	Civis Civis Civi Civem Cive	Nubes Nubis Nubi Nubem Nube	Urbs Urbis Urbi Urbem Urbe	Mare Maris Mari Marem Mari	Vis Vis Vi Vim Vi
	Reges Regum Regibus Reges Regibus	Cives Civium Civibus Cives Civibus	Nubes Nubium Nubius Nubes Nubius	Urbes Urbium Urbibius Urbes urbibius	Maria Marium Maribus Maria Maribus	Vires Virium Viribus Vires Viribus

★cives, urbes這兩個字的accusative plural ending在Golden Age時是以-is結尾。

★vis為不規則變化

要判別是否為i-stem名詞可從nominative case的ending來看：

Masculine: -is, -es

Hostis, hostis, m.; gen. pl. Hostium; enemy

Navis, navis, f.; navium; ship

Moles, molis, f.; molium; mass, structure

Civis, civis 同上

Nubes, nubis 同上

Feminine & a few Masculine: -s, -x

Ars, artis, f.; atrium; art, skill

Dens, dentis, m.; tooth

Nox, noctis, f.; noctium; night

Urbs, Urbis 同上

Neuter: -al, -ar, -e

Animal, animalis, n., animal

Exemplar, exemplaris, n., model, pattern, original

Mare, maris 同上

ABLATIVE of MEANS or INSTRUMENT

Ablative case可以用來表示用甚麼方式、以甚麼樣的工具去做某件事情等，就是英文中的by means of what/in which之意。如：

Litteras stilo scripsit.

He wrote the letter with a pencil.

Cives pecunia vicit.

He conquered the citizens by money.

Id meis oculis vidi.

I saw it with my eyes.

Suis laboribus urbem conservavit.

By his own labours he saved the city.

而cum+ablative的用法也可以用來表示與甚麼人、甚麼東西一起。如：

Cum amicis venerunt.

They came with friends.

Cum celeritate venerunt.

They  came with speed.

Id cum eis fecit.

He did it with them.

Id cum virtute fecit.

He did it with courage. 

VOCABVLA

NOUN
Animal, animalis	n	A living creature, animal
Aqua, aquae	f	Water
Ars, artis	f	Art, skill
Auris, auris	f	Ear
Civis, civis	m/f	citizen
Ius, iuris	n	Right, justice, law
Mare, maris	n	sea
Mors, mortis	f	death
Nubes, nubis	f	cloud
Os, oris	n	Mouth, face
Pars, partis	f	Part, share; direction
Roma, romae	f	Rome
Turba, turbae	f	Uproar, disturbance; mob, crowd, multitude
Urbs, urbis	f	city
Vis, vis	f	Force, power, violence
Vires, virium	f	Pl. strength
OTHER
A, ab	Prep.	(a before consonants, ab before vowels or consonants) +abl, away from, from; by (personal agent)
trans	prep	+acc, across
VERB
Appello, appellare, appellavi, appellatum		To speak to, address, call, name
Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum		To run, rush, move quickly
Muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum		To charge, alter; exchange
Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum		To hold, keep, possess; restrain
Vito, vitare, vitavi, vitatum		Tp avoid, shun

EXERCITATIONES

1. magnam partem illārum urbium post multōs annōs vī et cōnsiliō capiēbat.

By force and plan, he took a great part of those cities after many years.

2. Ante Caesaris ipsīus oculōs trāns viam cucurrimus et cum amīcīs fūgimus.

Before the eyes of Caesar himself, we ran across the road and fled with friends.

3. Nēmō vitia sua videt, sed quisque illa alterīus.

No one sees his own faults, but each one (sees) those of another.

4. Monuitne nūper eōs dē vītibus illārum urbium in Asiā?

Has he warned them about the strength of those cities in Asia recently?

5. Ipsī autem lībertātem cīvium suōrum magnā cum cūrā aluerant.

However they themselves had support the liberty of their own citizens with great care.

6. Nōmina multārum urbium nostrārum ab nōminibus urbium antīquārum trāximus.

We have drawn names of our many cities from the names of ancient cities.

7. Pars cīvium dīvitiās cēpit et per urbem ad mare cucurrit.

A part of the citizens has took (their) riches and ran through the city to the sea.

8. Hodiē multae nūbēs in caelō sunt signum īrae acerbae deōrum.

Today, many clouds in the sky are a sign of the harsh anger of gods.

9. Illud animal herī ibi cecidit et sē trāns terram ab agrō trahēbat.

That animal fell there yesterday and was dragging itself across the land from the field.

10. That wicked tyrant did not long preserve the rights of these citizens.

Ille tyrannus malus non diu iura horum civium conservavit.

11. Great is the force of the arts.

Magna vis artium est.

12. His wife was standing there with her own friends and doing that with patience.

Uxor eius cum amicis suis ibi stabat et illud cum patientia faciebat.

13. Cicero felt and said the same thing concerning his own life and the nature of death.

Cicero de sua vita et natura mortis idem sentiebat et dicebat.

SENTENTIAE ANTIQUAE

1. Et Deus aquās maria in prīncipiō appellāvit. (Genesis; aquās, direct object; maria is an objective complement)

And God named the waters the seas in the beginning.

2. Terra ipsa hominēs et animālia ōlim creāvit. (Lucretius.)

Once upon a time the land itself created men and animals.

3. Pān servat ovēs et magistrōs fortūnātōs ovium. (Virgil. –Pan, the god of pastures and shepherds–ovis, ovis, f, sheep)

Pan guards sheep and the blessed masters of the sheep.

4. Parva formīca onera magna ōre trahit. (Horace. –formīca, -ae, ant–onus, oneris, n, load)

A little ant drags great loads by its mouth.

5. Auribus teneō lupum. (*Terence. –lupus, -ī , m, wolf)

I am holding a wolf by the ears.

6. Ille magnam turbam clientium sēcum habet. (Horace. –cliēns, -entis, m, client, dependent)

That man has a great multitude of clients with him.

7. Hunc nēmō vī neque pecūniā superāre potuit. (Ennius.)

No one could conquer this man by force or money.

8. Animus eius erat ignārus artium malārum. (Sallust. –ignārus, -a, -um ignorant)

His mind was ignorant of evil arts.

9. Magna pars meī mortem vītābit. (Horace.)

A great part of me will avoid death.

10. vōs, amīcī doctī, exemplāria Graeca semper cum cūrā versāte. (Horace. –exemplar, -plāris, n, model, original–versāre, to turn; study)

You, learned friends; always study the Greek originals with care.

11. Nōn vīribus et celeritāte corporum magna gerimus, sed sapientiā et sententiā et arte. (Cicero. –celeritās, -tātis, f,  swiftness)

We carry out great things not by strength and swiftness of bodies, but through wisdom and feeling and art.

12. Istī caelum, nōn animum suum, mūtant, sī trāns mare currunt. (Horace.)

Those people change the sky, not their spirit, if they run across the sea.

這句話的意思是人們改變環境而不是自己的心態